پیوندهای مفید
اخبار و اعلانات
آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 25 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 956 |
| تعداد مقالات | 7,850 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 13,319,698 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 9,446,659 |
متافتونومی در عناوین پیکتوگرافیک کتاب‌های تصویری کودک، بر اساس نظریۀ قطب‌های مجازی و استعاری یاکوبسن | ||
| پژوهش نامه گرافیک نقاشی | ||
| دوره 7، شماره 13، اسفند 1403 | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22051/pgr.2024.47878.1278 | ||
| نویسنده | ||
| امیرحسین زنجانبر* | ||
| کارشناسی ارشد ادبیات کودک و نوجوان، دانشگاه پیام‌نور، تهران، ایران. | ||
| چکیده | ||
| زبانِ عینیِ تصویر برای کودک بیش از زبان انتزاعیِ نوشتار قابل درک است؛ از همین رو، گرافیست‌های کتاب کودک به منظور ارتباط بصری علاوه بر تصویرِ روی جلد از پیکتوگرام‌ها در تایپوگرافی عنوان بهره می‌جویند. پیکتوگرام‌ها نشانه‌هایی تصویری هستند که ساده و فاقد جزئیات‌اند. بسامد به‌کارگیری استعارات و مجازهای مرسلِ بصری در بازی‌های پیکتوگرافیک کتاب‌ها علت انتخاب این موضوع برای پژوهش است. قطب مجاز مبتنی بر محور ترکیبیِ زبان (محور همنشینی) است و قطب استعاره مبتنی بر محور گزینشیِ آن (محور جانشینی). یاکوبسن، زبان‌شناس و نظریه‌پرداز ادبی روس، با تأکید بر تناظر دو قطب مجاز و استعاره، غلبۀ تنها یکی از این دو را در هنرهای کلامی و غیرکلامی (مانند نقاشی و سینما) امکان‌پذیر می‌داند. این در حالی است که ژنت، اولمان، اکو، متز، خوزنس و دیگر ساختگرایان پسایاکوبسن بر متافتونومی (یعنی بر همزیستی مجاز و استعاره) تأکید دارند. هدف از پژوهش پیش‌رو نه‌تنها اثبات امکان همزیستی، بلکه اثبات ضرورت هم‌آمیزی این دو قطب در بازی‌های پیکتوگرافیک است. در همین راستا، مقالۀ حاضر با روش تحلیلی‌توصیفی در پی پاسخ به چگونگی رابطۀ متافتونومی در گرافیکِ عناوین کتاب‌های کودک است. نمونه‌های موردی این مقاله شامل پیکتوگرام‌های جلدهای هفت عنوان کتاب تصویری گروه سنی «الف» و «ب» است. نتیجۀ پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که مجاز مرسل پایه‌ای نامرئی برای استعاراتی است که در بازی‌های پیکتوگرافیکِ عنوان دیده می‌شود. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها: کتاب کودک؛ تایپوگرافی؛ پیکتوگرام؛ متافتونومی؛ قطب‌های استعاری و مجازی؛ یاکوبسن | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Metaphtonymy in the Pictographic Titles of Children's Books Based on Jakobson's Theory of Metony | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Amir hossein Zanjanbar | ||
| MA of Children ̓s and Young Adults ̓ Literature, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran. | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| The concrete language of images is more easily understood by children than the abstract language of text. As a result, graphic designers of children's books incorporate pictograms into title typography in addition to the cover image to enhance visual communication. Pictograms are simple visual signs that lack detailed features. The high frequency of visual metonymies and metaphors in pictographic games within books is the basis for selecting this topic for research. Roman Jakobson, a distinguished Russian linguist, and literary theorist, emphasises the connection between two metonymic poles associated with the syntagmatic axis and a metaphoric pole linked to the paradigmatic axis, suggesting that only one can prevail in both verbal and non-verbal arts, such as painting and cinema. In contrast, scholars like Genette, Ullmann, Eco, Metz, Goossens, and other post-Jakobson structuralists focus on metaphtonymy, which refers to the coexistence of metonymy and metaphor. This research aims not only to demonstrate the feasibility of coexistence but also to establish the necessity of blending these two poles within pictographic games. This analytical-descriptive study seeks to investigate how metaphtonymy relates to the graphics of children's book titles. The case studies featured in this paper include pictograms from the covers of seven titles aimed at age groups "A" and "B." The results indicate that metonymy serves as an invisible foundation for the metaphors present in these pictographic title games. Research Questions This study investigates two central questions: 1) What roles do the syntagmatic axis and substitution fulfill in pictographic titles in children's literature? 2) How do the virtual and metaphorical dimensions of language interact within the framework of pictographic titles? Methodology In this analytical-descriptive research, data were gathered using library-based methods. The focus is on pictographic books that feature pictographic titles, specifically targeting children in age groups "A" and "B." The statistical sample comprises thirty-one titles of pictographic books characterised by Persian typography (including both original works and translations), along with twelve titles from books that utilise English typography. This statistical population is confined to publications released between early 2013 and late 2023, with a purposive non-probabilistic sampling approach employed. Discussion and Results The syntagmatic relationship fundamentally refers to the connection between units that combine to create a higher-level unit (Safavi, 2004: 27-28). For instance, the combination of three phonemes— “p,” “e,” and “n”—results in forming the word “pen.” This illustrates that three linguistic units (phonemes) synthesize into one linguistic unit at a higher level (the word). Jakobson (1963) characterises syntagmatic relationships within language chains and discourse as “positional contiguity,” while he describes syntagmatic relationships in reality as “semantic proximity” (Metz, 2016: 102). Consequently, linguistic elements such as phonemes “p,” “e,” and “n” exemplify positional contiguity, whereas a horn associated with an animal's head represents semantic proximity. The substitution relationship denotes the ability to replace linguistic units. For example, in the sentence “Michael ate an apple,” one could substitute “Jozeph” for “Michael” as the subject or replace “apple” with “Orrange.” Firstly, both “Michael” and “Jozeph” exist at an equivalent linguistic level as words; thus, substituting them does not elevate to a higher level like a sentence. Secondly, these linguistic units possess potential substitutability; unlike “Michael” and “apple,” which can coexist within a single sentence contextually, “Michael” and “Jozeph” cannot appear together in any given sentence. Therefore, it can be concluded that while “parole” serves as the context for syntagmatic axes, “langue” provides context for paradigmatic axes. In Wallace's (2019) typography for How to Catch a Unicorn, rather than employing the base form of the letter "i," a unicorn's horn is utilised; additionally, instead of placing a dot over “i,” a star symbol is incorporated (see Fig 1). The linguistic structure inherent in this book title (the syntagmatic arrangement of letters) converts this combination of horn and star—visual signifiers—into reading signifiers. This indicates that letters positioned along the syntagmatic axis alongside visual signifiers represent them as the letter “i.” Jakobson posits that each linguistic sign can manifest only one dominant aspect: it may either be metaphorical (anchored in paradigmatic axes) or metonymic (anchored in syntagmatic axes); however, theorists such as Genette, Ullmann, and Goossens contend there exists no contradiction between these two aspects but rather advocate for their coexistence and intermingling. This analysis confirms Genette’s and Ullmann’s perspectives by demonstrating that within this typography, the representation of the book's title is concurrently influenced by both syntagmatic relationships (metonymic pole) and paradigmatic relationships (metaphorical pole). Fig 1. Cover design of How to Catch a Unicorn by Wallace, A. (2019) The relationship between the term "unicorn" and the letter "i" exemplifies a part-to-whole relationship, as "i" constitutes a component of the reading signifier (the spelling) of "unicorn." Consequently, this relationship is grounded in the syntagmatic axis, whereby substituting "unicorn" for "i" represents a form of metonymy characterised by a part-to-whole connection. This metonymy emerges from positional contiguity, which refers to proximity in morphological structure. Conversely, there exists a part-to-whole relationship between the horn and the unicorn as well. This relationship also relies on the syntagmatic axis; using a unicorn's horn in place of the unicorn itself constitutes yet another instance of metonymy with a part-to-whole relation. This particular metonymy arises from semantic proximity, reflecting real-world associations. In light of the typography presented in this book title, the first instance of metonymy occurs within the reading sign system (as a word), while the second instance manifests within the visual sign system (as an image). The connection between the letter "i" (the reading signifier) and the starry horn (the visual signifier) is predicated on similarity. Based on this similarity, in spelling "unicorn," the starry horn serves as a substitute for the letter "i." Such substitution illustrates an application of metaphorical language. Additionally, there exists another connection between "unicorn" (the reading signifier) and a unicorn adorned with a starry horn (the visual signifier). The unicorn—particularly when embellished with sparkling stars—symbolises the rainbow community, representing LGBTQ+ individuals. The association between this visual representation of a unicorn and homosexuality gains significance within the metaphorical framework of language. Thus, comprehending and interpreting these interchangeable signs utilised in this typography requires an interactive chain of metaphors (illustrated horizontally in Diagram 1) and metonymies (illustrated vertically in Diagram 1). Diagram 1. Metaphor and metonymy in the lettering of the title How to Catch a Unicorn A pictogram represents a convergence of verbal (reading) and non-verbal (visual) languages. This research indicates that both syntagmatic (combination) and paradigmatic (selection) axes are essential in shaping pictographic games found in children's book titles, facilitating a simultaneous manifestation of metaphorical and metonymic meanings across verbal and visual dimensions. Metonymies can be actualised through two mechanisms: positional contiguity and semantic proximity. Jakobson describes syntagmatic relationships within language chains and discourse as "positional contiguity," while he refers to syntagmatic relationships in reality as "semantic proximity." When a letter from a title is removed, and a pictographic image assumes the reading function of that absent letter, this substitution is based on positional contiguity and occurs within the metonymic dimension of language. Conversely, there exists a resemblance between the absent letter and the pictographic image that emerges within the paradigmatic axis and reflects the metaphorical dimension of language. Consequently, replacing a visual pictogram for one of the letters in a title primarily relies on the metonymic dimension rather than on its metaphorical aspect. The virtual and metaphorical poles within these pictograms not only coexist but also intertwine. Even if Jakobson's theory—asserting that one aspect predominates in literary works and visual arts—is valid, it posits that the metonymic dimension precedes its metaphorical counterpart. In essence, for the prominence of the metaphorical pole within the paradigmatic axis to be established, it is essential for the realisation of the metonymic pole within the syntagmatic axis; however, this prominence can sometimes lead to diminished visibility or obscurity of the metonymic pole beneath typographies grounded in pictograms. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Keywords: Children's book, Typography, Pictogram, Metaphtonymy, Metaphoric and Metonymic poles, Jakobson | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
منابع
آقابابایی، سمیه (1397). «تحلیل مقایسه‌ای اشعار بیدل دهلوی با مینیاتورهای هندی دورۀ گورکانیان بر اساس نظریۀ قطب‌های استعاری و مجازی یاکوبسن». فصلنامۀ زیبایی‌شناسی ادبی. 9(36). 1-46.
آقابابایی، سمیه (1399). «تحلیل مقایسه‌ای اشعار صائب تبریزی با مینیاتورهای کمال‌الدین بهزاد بر اساس نظریۀ قطب‌های استعاری و مجازی یاکوبسن». متن‌پژوهی ادبی. 24(86). 285-311.
احمدی، بابک (1383). از نشانه‌های تصویری تا متن. تهران: مرکز.
احمدی، بابک (1388). ساختار تأویل متن. تهران: مرکز.
استوار، مسیب (1392). هنر گرافیک محیطی. تهران: رازنامه.
اصلانی، محمدرضا (1386). استعاره و مجاز در داستان، پژوهشی در حوزۀ زبان‌شناسی. تهران: نیلوفر.
ایتوربه، آنتونیو (1403). پرونده‌های کارآگاه سیتو و دستیارش چین می ادو. با تصویرگری الکس اومیکس. ترجمۀ رضا اسکندری. تهران: هوپا.
تکنت‌راپ، بریتا (1391). دنیـــا چقدر بزرگ است؟ ترجمۀ نورا حق‌پرست. تهران: کانون پرورش فکری کودکان و نوجوانان.
حبیبی، حامد (1400). بوقی که خروسک گرفته بود. تصویرگر علیرضا گلدوزیان. تهران: علمی‌فرهنگی.
خان‌زاده، فاطمه (1398). طراحی پیکتوگرام برای کودکان با استفاده از فضای مثبت و منفی. پایان‌نامۀ کارشناسی ارشد. رشتۀ ارتباط تصویری. مؤسسۀ آموزش عالی نبی اکرم.
دانسی، مارسل (1387). نشانه‌شناسی رسانه‌ها. ترجمۀ گودرز میرزایی و بهزاد دوران. تهران: آنیسه نما.
رجبی، مهدی (1393). کنسرو غول. تهران: افق.
زنجانبر, امیرحسین. (1402). رده‌بندی فرمالیستی سیمامعنایی در تایپوگرافی عناوین کتاب‌های تصویری کودک. پژوهش‌نامه گرافیک نقاشی. 6(11). 120-133.
doi: 10.22051/pgr.2024.45973.1240
سپهری، سهراب (1376). اتاق آبی. تهران: سروش.
سیما، جسی (1400). من کی هستم. ترجمۀ آناهیتا حضرتی. تهران: پرتقال.
شعبانی، اسدالله (1395). ماه نو نگاه نو. با تصویرگری ثمینه سروقد. تهران: کانون پرورشی فکری کودکان و نوجوانان.
صفوی، کوروش (1383). از زبان‌شناسی به ادبیات. جلد2. تهران: سورۀ مهر.
قادری جویباری، رقیه و محمودی، فتانه. (1400). کارکرد استعاره و مجاز در طراحی پوستر و جلد کتاب. نهمین همایش ملی متن پژوهشی ادبی، تهران.
https://civilica.com/doc/1245571
کالر، جاناتان (1388 الف). در جستجوی نشانه‌ها (نشانه‌شناسی، ادبیات، واسازی). ترجمۀ لیلا صادقی و تینا امرالهی. تهران: علم.
کالر، جاناتان (1388 ب). «تحلیل بوطیقایی یاکوبسن» در بوطیقای ساخت‌گرا. ترجمۀ کوروش صفوی. تهران: سیاهرود. 87-111.
لاج، دیوید (1397). «زبان ادبیات داستانی نوگرا، استعاره و مجاز» در زبان‌شناسی و نقد ادبی. ترجمۀ مریم خوزان. تهران: نی. 47-71.
متز، کریستین (1395). «بررسی نظرات ژان میتری دربارۀ استعاره و نماد و زبان در سینما» در ساختگرایی، نشانه‌شناسی سینما. گردآوری بیل نیکولز. ترجمۀ علاءالدین طباطبایی. تهران: هرمس. 95-192.
مرادی لاکه، یگانه (1400). نیست نیست. با تصویرگری عاطفه شفیعی‌راد. تهران: محراب قلم.
وایس‌برد، لیزا (1402). خانۀ عشق کجاست؟. با تصویرگری نینی آلاسکا، ترجمۀ نیلوفر کشتیاری. تهران: گیسا.
یاکوبسن، رومن (1380). «قطب‌های استعاره و مجاز» در ساختگرایی، پساساخت‌گرایی و مطالعات ادبی. ترجمۀ کوروش صفوی. تهران: سوره مهر. صص 115-128.
یاکوبسن، رومن (1397). «قطب‌های استعاری و مجازی در زبان‌پریشی» در زبان‌شناسی و نقد ادبی. ترجمۀ مریم خوزان. تهران: نی. 39-47.
یانگ، ایمی (1401). تک‌شاخ سفارشی. ترجمۀ شبنم حیدری‌پور. تهران: پرتقال.
References
Aghababaei, S., (2018). "A Comparative Analysis of Bidel Dehlavi's Poems with Indian Miniatures of the Gurkani Period, based on the Theory of the Metaphoric and Metonymic Pole of Jakobson". Literary Aesthetics. 36(9). 1-46. (Text in Persian).
Aghababaei, S., (2021). "A Comparative Analysis of Ṣāʾeb Tabrizi’s Poems and Kamāl Al-dīn Behzād’s Miniatures in Light of Jakobson’s Theory of Metaphoric and Metonymic Poles". Literary Text Research. 24(86). 285-311. [Text in Persian].Ahmadi, B., (2004). From Visual Sign to Text (Az Nešān-ā-ye Tasviri tā Matn). Tehran: Markaz. [text in Persian].
Ahmadi, B., (2009). The structure of text interpretation (Sāxtār-e T′avil-e Matn). Tehran: Markaz. (Text In Persian).
Aslani, M. R., (2007). Metaphor and Metonymy in Fiction, a Research in the Field of Linguistics (Este′āreh va Majāz dar Dāstān, Pažuheš-i dar Zabān-šenāsi). Tehran: Niloufar.
Rajabi, M., (2014). A Can of Giant (Konserv-e Qul). Tehran: Ofoq. (Text In Persian).
Brandi, M.S., & Ammann, D., (1993). Beyond Like and As in Images: Metonymy and Metaphor in Some Recent Art. Art Criticism. 8(2). Pp 98-108.
Culler, J. D., (2009 a). The Pursuit of Signs, Semiotics, Literature, Deconstruction (Dar Josteju-ye Nešāneh-hā). Translated by: Leila Sadeghi and Tina Amrollahi. Tehran: Elm. (Text In Persian).
Culler, J. D., (2009 b). "Analysis of Jakobsen's Poetics" in Structuralist Poetics, Structuralism, Linguistics and the Study of Literature (Būtiqā-ye Sāxt-garā). Translated by: Leila Sadeghi and Tina Amrollahi. Tehran: Elm. (Text In Persian).
Danesi, M., (2008). Understanding Media Semiotics (Nešāneh-šenāsi-e Resāneh-hā). Translated by: Goudarz Mirzayi and Behzad Dovran. Tehran: Aniseh Nama. (Text In Persian).
Dubnick, R. K., (1980). Visible Poetry: Metaphor and Metonymy in the Paintings of Rene Magritte. Contemporary Literature, 21, 407.
Eco, U., (1979). The Role of the Reader. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Eriksson, P., and Kovalainen, A., (2008). Qualitative Methods in Business Research. London: Sage.
Forceville, C., (2002). Pictorial Metaphor in Advertising. New York: Routledge. This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library.
Ghaderi Jouybari, R., & Mahmoudi, F., (2021). "The Function of Metaphor and Permission in Poster and Book Cover design". Conference paper, The 9th National Conference on Literary Text. Goossens, L., (1990). Metaphtonymy: The interaction of metaphor and metonymy in expressions for linguistic action. Cognitive Linguistics, 1(3), 323-340.
Habibi, H., (2008). Būqī ke Xorūsak Gerefteh Būd. Illustrated by Ali Reza Golouziyan. Tehran: Elmi-Farhangi. (Text In Persian).
Iturbe, A. G., (2024). UN Ayudante Mucha Ayuda (Parvadeh-hā-ye Kārāgāh Sito va Dastyāraš). ?). Illustrated by Alex Omist. Translated by: Reza Eskandari. Tehran: Houpa. (Text In Persian).
Jacobson, R., (2001). "The Metaphoric and Metonymic Poles" in Structuralism, Poststructuralism, and Literary Studies (Sāxt-garā-yi, Pasā-sāxt-garā-yi va Motāle′āt-e adabi). Translated by: Kouroush Safavi. Tehran: Soure Mehr. 115-128. (Text In Persian).
Jacobson, R., (2018). "The Metaphoric and Metonymic Poles in the Aphasia" in Linguistics and Literary Criticism (Zabān-šenāsi va naqd-e adabi). Translated by: Maryam Khozan. Tehran: Ney. 39-47. (Text In Persian).
Jacobson, R., & Pomorska, K., (1983). Dialogues. Uk: Cambridge University press. Pp 125-135.
Khanzadeh, F., (2020). Designing Pictograms for Children Using Positive and Negative Space (Based on the Concept of Visual Gestalt). Thesis Master of Art in Visual Communication Art. Department of Art. University of College Nabi Akram. (Text In Persian).
Lawrence, D. H. (1920). Women in Love. New York: Thomas Seltzer.
Lodge, D., (2018). "The language of modern fiction, metaphor and Metonymy" in Linguistics and Literary Criticism (Zabān-šenāsi va naqd-e adabi). Translated by: Maryam Khozan. Tehran: Ney. 47-71. (Text In Persian).
Metz, Ch., (2016). "Studying Jean Mitry's comments about metaphor, symbol and language in cinema". In Structuralism and semiotics of cinema (Sāxtgarāyi, Nešāe-šenāsi-ye Sinemā). Edd: Bill Nichols. Translated by ′Allaoddin Tabatabayi. Tehran: Hermes. 95-192, (Text In Persian).
Mills, A., Durepos, G., & Wiebe, E., (Eds.). (2010). Encyclopedia of case study research. Vol(1). London: Sage Publications.
Moradi Lake, Y., (2021). There Is No Exist (Nist Nist). Illustrated By: Atefeh Shafi′eirad. Tehran: Mehrabeghalam. (Text In Persian).
Ostovar, M., (2013). The Environmental Graphic Art (Honar-e Gerāfik-e Mohiti). Tehran: Raznameh. (Text In Persian).
Pérez-Sobrino, P., (2016). Multimodal metaphor and metonymy in advertising, A corpus-based Account. Metaphor and Symbol. 31(2). Pp73-90. 10.1080/10926488.2016.1150759
Ruiz de mendoza Ibáñez, F., (2000). The role of mappings and domains in understanding matonymy. In A. Barcelona, Metaphor and Metonymy at the Crossroads: A Cognitive Perspective. New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez, F., & Galera Masegosa, A., (2011). Going beyond metaphtonymy: Metaphoric and metonymic complexes in phrasal verb interpretation. Language Value, 3(1), 1-29.
Safavi, K., (2004). From linguistics to literature (Az Zabān-šenāsi be Adabiy-yāt). Vol(2). Tehran: Soure-ye Mehr. (Text In Persian).
Sepehri, S., (1997). The Blue Room (Otāq-e Ābi). Tehran: Souroush. [text in Persian].
Sh′abani, A., (2016). New Moon, New Look (Māh-e Now, Negāh-e Now). Illustrated by: Samineh Sarvghad. Tehran: Institute for the Intellectual Development of Children and Young Adults. (Text In Persian).
Sima, J. (2021). Not Quite Narwhal (Man Ki Hastam?). Illustrated by Jessie Sima. Translated by: Anahita Hazrati. Tehran: Porteqal. (Text In Persian).
Teckentrup, B., (2012). How Big Is the World? (Donyā Čeqadr Bozorg ast?). Translated by: Noura Haghparast. Tehran: Institute for the Intellectual Development of Children and Young Adults. (Text In Persian).
Ullmann, S., (1964). "The Naure of Imagery" In Language and style. UK: Oxford, Blackwell.
Yin, R., (1994). Case study research: Design and methods. London: Sage Publications.
Yung, A. L., (2022). A Unicorn Named Sparkle (Tak-šāx-e Sefāreši). Illustrated by Amy Yung.Translated by: Shabnam Heydarpour. Tehran: Porteqal. (Text In Persian).
Wallace, A., (2019). How to Catch a Unicorn. (Elkerton, A.; Illus). Napercille: Sourcebooks Wonderland. ISBN: 978-1492669739.
Weisbrod, L., (2023). Weibt du, Wo Die Liebe Wohnt (Xāneh-ye Ešq Kojā-st). Illustrated by Nini Alaska.Translated by: Niloufar Keshtyari. Tehran: Gisa. (Text In Persian).
Zanjanbar, A. H., (2023). "Classification of Calligrams from a Formalist Perspective in the Typography of Titles for Children's Picture Books". Graphic Art and Painting Research. 6(11). (Text In Persian).
doi: 10.22051/pgr.2024.45973.1240
URL 1: https://w.wiki/CwDg | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 34 |
||