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واکاوی جایگاه آلبرشت دورر در رنسانس: هنر کلاسیک، تصویرسازی و چاپ | ||
| جلوه هنر | ||
| دوره 16، شماره 4 - شماره پیاپی 45، دی 1403، صفحه 7-19 اصل مقاله (3.56 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22051/jjh.2024.44362.2009 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| حسام اسمعیلی* 1؛ مصطفی ندرلو2 | ||
| 1کارشناسی ارشد تصویرسازی، دانشکده هنرهای تجسمی، دانشگاه هنر تهران، تهران، ایران، نویسنده مسئول. | ||
| 2استادیار گروه ارتباط تصویری، دانشکده هنرهای تجسمی، دانشگاه هنر تهران، تهران، ایران. | ||
| چکیده | ||
| دورة رنسانس با جنبش اومانیسم، بازیابی ویژگی‌های هنر کلاسیک، پیشرفت در حوزة چاپ و تسهیل دسترسی به اطلاعات و آموزش، پیشرفت‌های فراوانی را در حوزه‌های هنری، علمی، فلسفه و ادبیات به همراه داشت. این دوره به عنوان نقطة عطفی در تاریخ شناخته می‌شود که بر روی تمدن غرب تأثیر بسزایی داشته است. در این دوره دو نظام بصری نقاشی و تکنولوژی چاپ نقشی اساسی در پیشبرد تفکرات رنسانس داشتند. نظام نقاشی با استفاده از نظریه‌های جدید در باب تناسبات، پرسپکتیو و زیبایی‌شناسی و تکنولوژی چاپ با تسهیل توزیع متون ادبی، فلسفی و آثار هنری، امکانات جدیدی را در جهت انتقال آگاهی فراهم کردند و باعث گسترش پژوهش علمی و تجربی شدند. در این بین آلبرشت دورر با ترکیب هنر رنسانس ایتالیا و رنسانس شمالی و با تکنیک‌هایی که در دوران جوانی فرا گرفت، موفق به ایجاد دستاوردهای جدیدی در حیطة هنر و چاپ شد. پاسخ به این پرسش که نقش آلبرشت دورر در شکل‌گیری موقعیت اجتماعی جدید هنر و هنرمند در دورة رنسانس چگونه بوده است هدف اصلی این مطالعه است که به شیوه‌ة توصیفی-تحلیلی و با اتخاذ رویکرد تاریخی به آن می‌پردازد. نتایج پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که هنرمند با به‌کارگیری آموزه‌های اومانیستی رنسانس، نوآوری‌ها و تکنیک‌های جدیدی را در حوزة تصویری ایجاد می‌کند. جایگاه تصویرگر رنسانس از پیشه‌وری ساده پیشی گرفته و ارزش کار هنری، تصویرسازی و چاپ، بیش از پیش توسط هنرمند مشخص می‌شود. همچنین نتایج این مطالعه نشان می‌دهد دورر نقش مهمی در شناخت ظرفیت‌های اقتصادی تکنولوژی چاپ برای هنرمند عصر رنسانس و ناشران داشته است. تکثیر آثار هنری و ادبی در قالب کتب تصویری پنجره‌ای تازه را به روی انسان عصر رنسانس می‌گشاید، و دورر، با درک این فضا، مسیر تازه‌ای را برای استقلال اقتصادی هنرمند هموار می‌کند. از دیگر نتایج این مطالعه تأکید هنرمند بر دفاع از حق نشر آثار است. تلاش‌های دورر را می‌توان نقطة آغازی برای تصویب قانون حق نشر در نظر گرفت که به موجب آن ارزش مادی و معنوی، خلاقیت و تلاش هنرمند حفظ می‌شود. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| کلید واژهها: آلبرشت دورر؛ اومانیسم؛ رنسانس؛ اروپای‌شمالی؛ هنر کلاسیک؛ چاپ؛ تصویرسازی | ||
| موضوعات | ||
| هنرهای تجسمی و کاربردی | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Albrecht Dürer's Role in the Renaissance: Classical Art, Illustration and Printing Technology | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Hesam Esmaeili1؛ Mostafa Naderloo2 | ||
| 1MA. Of Illustration, Faculty of Visual Arts, Iran University of Art, Tehran, Iran. | ||
| 2Assistant Professor, Department of Visual Communication, Faculty of Visual Arts, Iran University of Art, Tehran, Iran. | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| The Renaissance period, marked by the humanism movement and the revival of classical art forms, was a time of unprecedented progress in various fields. The rapid advancement of printing technology, which facilitated access to information and education, had a profound impact on the development of art, science, philosophy, and literature. This era is often referred to as a turning point in history, as it had a significant influence on Western civilization. During this period, the two visual systems of painting and printing technology played a crucial role in shaping Renaissance thinking. The painting system, informed by new theories on proportions, perspective, and aesthetics, enabled artists to explore new creative possibilities. Meanwhile, printing technology allowed for the widespread dissemination of literary and philosophical texts, as well as works of art, thereby enabling the transfer of knowledge and stimulating scientific and experimental research. In this sense, the Renaissance can be seen as a period of rapid cultural and intellectual exchange, characterized by the fusion of artistic innovation and technological advancement. This synergy had a lasting impact on Western civilization, laying the groundwork for many of the intellectual and artistic developments that followed. In cities like Florence and Rome, the intersection of world trade and dissatisfaction with the Roman Catholic Church gave rise to a new intellectual landscape. The corruption of the Church led to a reevaluation of human existence and our place in the world. This, in turn, inspired a renewed interest in Greco-Roman culture, which became a defining feature of the Renaissance. The emphasis on human reason, liberal arts, and scientific inquiry enabled artists to explore new themes and techniques. The innovative use of perspective and depth, made possible by scientific and mathematical advances, allowed artists to tackle complex and often secular subjects. Humanism, characterized by a focus on human potential and individualism, was a dominant theme of the era. Artists and writers sought to emulate the classical period's architectural and artistic achievements, setting new standards for art and literature. The study of classical literature and art became a cornerstone of Renaissance culture, as individuals sought to understand the timeless values and principles that underpinned Western civilization. The movement's emphasis on humanism, critical thinking, and intellectual curiosity laid the groundwork for some of the most significant scientific discoveries in history. The artistic innovations of the Renaissance, which spanned from Italy to Northern Europe, continue to inspire and influence art, literature, and culture to this day. During the Renaissance, humanism emerged as a cultural and intellectual movement that emphasized the importance of Latin language and classical texts, while rejecting scholasticism and promoting non-religious studies grounded in nature and observation. Humanism encourages individuals to think critically, creatively, and reflectively about the universe, valuing personal judgment and autonomy. In contrast to traditional apprenticeships, which were dominated by guilds, humanist education prioritized individualized learning and creative expression. In Italy, humanist writers and intellectuals played a significant role in shaping educational systems. They believed that education was essential for raising well-rounded citizens who could think critically and make informed decisions. This approach was distinct from traditional apprenticeships, where students were primarily trained as artisans. Instead, humanist educators emphasized the importance of individual creativity, critical thinking, and intellectual curiosity. In Northern Europe, a similar intellectual movement was taking place in parallel to the Italian Renaissance. The Brethren of the Common Life, a group of educators and intellectuals, sought to raise social awareness and consciousness, particularly among the poor, in the aftermath of the devastating Black Death of the fourteenth century. This association played a crucial role in promoting critical thinking, literacy, and artistic expression, and its innovations paved the way for new literary and artistic movements. The invention of the printing press by Gutenberg was another significant achievement that had far-reaching implications for education and intellectual development. The printing press enabled mass production of books, making knowledge more accessible and democratizing access to education. This technological innovation empowered writers and artists to disseminate their ideas and creations more widely, contributing to a flourishing of cultural and intellectual activity. Albrecht Dürer's innovative achievements in art and printing were a direct result of his fusion of Italian Renaissance and Northern Renaissance styles, combined with the techniques he learned during his youth. This study aims to unravel the significant impact Albrecht Dürer had on the evolving social status of art and artists during the Renaissance period. Through a descriptive-analytical approach, this research draws on library studies and internet findings to gather data, shedding light on the intricate relationships between Renaissance humanism and Dürer's artistic journey. By examining the components of Renaissance humanism and Dürer's artistic path, as well as case studies of his works, this study identifies the key humanistic elements that defined his artistic vision. Furthermore, it analyzes his role in creating a new space for art and artists during the Renaissance period, revealing the far-reaching implications of his contributions. Dürer's early artistic training was shaped by his godfather, Anton Koberger, who encouraged him to explore unconventional themes and works. This marked a departure from traditional artistic practices, which were heavily influenced by the teachings of the Brethren of the Common Life. After completing his internship in the renowned workshop of Koberger and Michael Wolgemut, Dürer embarked on a journey to the northern regions, seeking solitude and inspiration to deepen his understanding of the world and stay abreast of the latest artistic trends. During this period, Dürer's artistic endeavors indicate a growing familiarity with the medium of picture books and woodblock prints. While his works still bear similarities to those of his predecessors, this marked a turning point in his development as an artist. The techniques of illustration, compositions, and contrasts of light and dark that he employed were not revolutionary, but they laid the foundation for the distinctive style and creative vision that would emerge in his subsequent works. In his continued artistic journey, Albrecht Dürer presents two remarkable collections of woodcuts: Apocalypse and Great Passion. These works, rooted in religious themes, were influenced by the Protestant Reformation's critique of the Catholic Church and the feudal power it wielded. By redefining the enemy of Christianity, Dürer's Apocalypse series shifts the focus from the Ottomans to the high-ranking Catholic officials, allowing ordinary people to engage with religious concepts without intermediaries. This democratization of art was made possible by the picture book's unique potential: it can be mass-produced and distributed at a low cost, making it accessible to a broader audience. No longer bound by the need to prove himself to kings, nobles, and religious authorities, Dürer can focus on producing art that resonates with the everyday people of his society. In his later years, he explored theories on body proportions and authored books on the subject. His writings emphasize the importance of observation, knowledge of the natural world, and the role of nature as a reference. He sees anything that defies nature as worthless and unpleasant. As a humanist artist, Dürer aims to convey his understanding of the world through observation, experience, and thought. Just as he encouraged people to think about religious matters through his picture books, he now shares his insights on the rules of nature. By making these concepts accessible to a wider audience, Dürer demonstrates his commitment to art as a means of education and self-discovery. His artistic endeavors embody the humanist values of intellectual curiosity, critical thinking, and a desire for knowledge that transcends boundaries. This research reveals that Albrecht Dürer, an artist of the Renaissance, pushed the boundaries of visual innovation by applying humanist principles. He drew inspiration from the natural world, Italian art, and the unique cultural contexts of Venice, Florence, and his hometown, Nuremberg. The Renaissance's emphasis on proportion and humanistic elements, such as attention to nature, had a profound impact on the formal elements of his depictions. A closer examination of Dürer's artistic journey reveals that he was deeply committed to humanist values, which influenced his approach to art-making. He studied with intention, selected his techniques deliberately, and navigated his activities in a way that redefined the role of art and artists in society. This shift elevated the status of the Renaissance illustrator beyond mere craftsmanship, acknowledging the value of artistic work, illustration, and printing. Furthermore, this study highlights the pivotal role of the artist in shaping the field of visual communication, and illustration, and defining new economic capacities. As the proliferation of texts and artistic works coincided with improved societal scientific and cultural levels, the Renaissance artist was presented with a new opportunity. Dürer was one of the first artists to seize this chance by leveraging print technology to promote artistic independence. He achieved this by publishing visual works and books, paving the way for economic autonomy. Notably, despite the relative rarity of signature personalization in artworks during this period, Dürer championed the importance of signing artworks and defending copyrights. This pioneering effort laid the groundwork for the establishment of copyright law. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Keywords: Albrecht Dürer, Humanism, Renaissance, Northern Europe, Classical Art, Printing, Illustration | ||
| مراجع | ||
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منابع
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URLs
URL1. Retrieved December 14, 2022, from https://www.gnm.de/objekte/dame-mit-dem-falken/.
URL2. Retrieved December 16, 2022, from https://www.albrecht-durer.org/Madonna-And-Child-With-Musical-Angels.html.
URL3. Retrieved December 14, 2022, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-Portrait_at_the_Age_of_13.
URL4. Retrieved December 16, 2022, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_woodcuts_by_Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer#/media/File:Demon_of_Vanity_and_Coquette_-_Book_of_the_Knight_of_the_Tower.jpg.
URL5. Retrieved December 16, 2022, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_woodcuts_by_Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer#/media/File:Narrenschiff.JPG.
URL6. Retrieved December 16, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Durer-Castle-Innsbruck.jpg.
URL7. Retrieved December 16, 2022, from https://www.clevelandart.org/art/1926.118.
URL8. Retrieved December 17, 2022, from https://www.artsy.net/artwork/albrecht-durer-saint-john-devouring-the-book-from-the-apocalypse.
URL9. Retrieved December 17, 2022, from https://lutheranreformation.org/history/albrecht-durer-man-behind-self-portrait/.
URL10. Retrieved December 22, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AlbrechtD%C3%BCrer01.jpg.
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