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بررسی سیر تطور دیدگاه نقشه‌نگاران اروپایی نسبت به ایران در قرون وسطی | ||
| تاریخ اسلام و ایران | ||
| مقاله 6، دوره 33، شماره 60 - شماره پیاپی 150، بهمن 1402، صفحه 135-169 اصل مقاله (3.58 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: علمی- پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22051/hii.2024.43406.2774 | ||
| نویسنده | ||
| میلاد صادقی* | ||
| پژوهشگر آزاد، تاریخ اسلام، اصفهان، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| تصورات جغرافی‌دانان و نقشه نگاران اروپایی نسبت به جهان اطراف خود، عموماً برگرفته از متون کلاسیک یونان و روم باستان و همچنین کتاب های عهدین و مفسران مسیحی بود و این امر موجب می شد تصورات عمدۀ آنان نسبت به نقاط دوردست دنیا، مبتنی بر متون مذکور شکل بگیرد. نقشه های مپا ماندی و همچنین نقشه های پیرو سنت کلاسیک رومی که در قرون وسطی نیز دنبال می‌شد، جملگی مبتنی بر اطلاعات موجود در کتب عهدین و متون کلاسیک بودند. با آغاز قرن دوازدهم و سیزدهم میلادی و شکل گیری سفرهای متعدد اروپاییان به شرق اسلامی از جمله ایران، تصورات کلاسیک اروپا راه تجدد را در پیش گرفت و تا حد زیادی از قالب غیرحقیقی خود خارج شد و شکل واقعیت به خود گرفت. بنابراین طی یک بازۀ زمانی تصورات اروپاییان نسبت به شرق، به‌خصوص ایران دچار تحولات و تطوراتی شد که ناشی از عوامل مختلفی در هر بازه زمانی بود. در این میان، سفرهای متعدد اروپاییان تأثیر بسزایی در تغییر دیدگاه و همچنین اطلاعات نقشه‌نگاران داشت. بررسی سیر تطور دیدگاه اروپاییان طی قرنها نسبت به ایران و ایرانیان با توجه به نقشههای قرون وسطایی، مسئلهای است که تاکنون مورد توجه قرار نگرفته است. بر همین اساس، بررسی این موضوع که نقشههای قرون وسطایی -که ارائه‌دهندۀ تصورات غالب به جامعه اروپای قرون وسطی بوده اند- چه دیدگاه و تصوراتی از ایران طی بازه های زمانی مختلف ارائه میدادهاند، مسئلهای مهم و قابل توجه است که نگارندۀ این نوشتار درصدد است با رویکرد توصیفی-تحلیلی بیان کند که تا قبل از سفرهای جهانگردان اروپایی، تصور کلاسیک نسبت به ایران در نقشههای قرون وسطایی غالب بوده و در این میان سفرهای مارکوپولو تأثیر بسزایی در تغییر و تحول این دید داشته است. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| نقشه‌نگاری؛ پورتولان؛ جغرافی‌نگاران؛ سیاحان؛ مارکوپولو | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Investigating the evolution of the view of European cartographers towards Iran in the Middle Ages | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Milad Sadeghi | ||
| The Specifications of Authors, History of Islam, Isfahan, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| The ideas of European geographers and cartographers about the world around them were generally taken from the classical texts of ancient Greece and Rome, as well as the books of the Testament and the Christian commentators, which meant that their main ideas about distant parts of the world were based on the aforementioned texts. Both the maps of Mapamandi and the maps in the classical Roman tradition, which was also followed in the Middle Ages, were based on the information available in the testaments and classical texts. With the beginning of the 12th and 13th centuries AD and the numerous travels of Europeans to the Islamic East, including Iran, the classical ideas of Europe took the path of modernity and largely left their unreal form and took the form of reality. Therefore, the perception the East, especially Iran, by Europeans underwent changes and developments over time caused by various factors in each period of time. In the meantime, the numerous travels of the Europeans had a considerable influence on the change in the cartographers' perspective and information. The study of the evolution of the Europeans' view of Iran and Iranians over the centuries through the medieval maps is a problem that has not yet received attention. Therefore, it is important to examine how the medieval maps - which depicted the dominant ideas of medieval European society - presented Iran in different periods. It should be noted that the author of this article attempts to use a descriptive-analytical approach to express that before the travels of the European world travelers, the classical idea of Iran prevailed in the medieval maps, and that in the meantime, Marco Polo's travels had a significant impact on the change and transformation of this view. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Cartography, Portolan, Geographers, Travelers, Marco Polo | ||
| مراجع | ||
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- متی (2015)، ترجمۀ گروهی از اشخاص، [بی‌جا]: انتشارات ایلام.
- گابریل، آلفونس (1400)، مارکوپولو در ایران، ترجمۀ کیکاووس جهانداری، تهران: سخن.
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