پیوندهای مفید
اخبار و اعلانات
آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 25 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 951 |
| تعداد مقالات | 7,816 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 12,974,778 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 9,206,568 |
تجربیات زیسته کودک همسران از کودک همسری و مسائل آن | ||
| مطالعات اجتماعی روان شناختی زنان | ||
| مقاله 7، دوره 22، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 78، فروردین 1403، صفحه 204-241 اصل مقاله (1.13 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22051/jwsps.2023.42708.2715 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| زهرا مرتضی زاده* 1؛ معصومه آزموده2؛ تورج هاشمی نصرت آباد3؛ شعله لیوارجانی4 | ||
| 1دانشجوی دکتری گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد تبریز، تبریز، ایران. Zahramortezazadeh2@gmail.com | ||
| 2استادیار گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد تبریز، تبریز، ایران. (نویسنده مسئول) Mas_azmod@yahoo.com | ||
| 3استاد گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران. tourajhashemi@yahoo.com | ||
| 4استادیار گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد تبریز، تبریز، ایران. Livarjani.sh@gmail.com | ||
| چکیده | ||
| یکی از چالشهای اساسی که جامعه ما با آن مواجه است پدیده کودک همسری است. پدیده کودک همسری علیرغم مخالفتهای حقوقی و روان شناختی با آن، نیازمند مطالعه و بررسی است. هدف پژوهش حاضرتبیین و بازنمائی تجربیات زیسته کودک همسران از کودک همسری و مسائل و چالشهای آن است. روش مورد استفاده در این پژوهش از نوع پارادایم کیفی و از نوع پدیدارشناسی تفسیری است. شرکت کنندگان در این پژوهش15 نفر از کودک همسران شهر شبستر بودند که به صورت نمونه گیری هدفمند انتخاب شدند. داده ها با توجه به مصاحبه های عمیق، فردی و نیمه ساختاریافته گردآوری شد و تا زمان اشباع داده ها مصاحبه ها تداوم پیدا کرد. پس از پیاده سازی مکتوب مصاحبه ها، داده ها ی مصاحبه ها بر اساس رویکرد هرمنیوتیک و بر اساس روش دیکلمن،تانر و الن(1989) مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند. از تجزیه و تحلیل تجربیات کودک همسران894کد، 5 مضمون اصلی "عوامل کودک همسری"، "آمال و آرزوهای کودک همسران"، "آسیب‌های ادراک شده"، "مزایای کودک همسری" و "راهبردهای توانمندسازی کودک همسران" و 19مضمون فرعی حاصل شد. می توان با اتخاذ تدابیری نظیر توانمندسازی کودک همسران در باب تنظیم هیجان، تقویت روابط عاطفی زوجین، موفقیت در کنترل و مدیریت تعامل ها و ارتقای سطح دانش، نگرش و مهارت کودک همسران در حوزه روان شناختی و روابط بین فردی زوجین چالشهای کودک همسران را کاهش داد. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| تجربیات زیسته؛ کودک همسری؛ درمان؛ مطالعه پدیدارشناختی | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| lived experiences of spouses' childrens about child spouses and its issues | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Zahra Mortezazadeh1؛ Masome Azmodeh2؛ Touraj Hashemi nosrat abad3؛ Shole Livarjani4 | ||
| 1Ph.D Student, Department of Psycology, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran. Zahramortezazadeh2@gmail.com | ||
| 2Assistant Professor in Psycology, Department of Psycology, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran. Mas_azmod@yahoo.com. (Corresponding Author) | ||
| 3Professor in Psycology, Department of Education, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. tourajhashemi@yahoo.com | ||
| 4Assistant Professor in Psycology, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran. Livarjani.sh@gmail.com | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| One of the fundamental challenges facing our society is the phenomenon of child marriage. Despite legal and psychological opposition, the increasing prevalence of child marriage necessitates study and investigation. The purpose of the current research is to elucidate and explore the lived experiences of children who are spouses in child marriages, along with its issues and challenges. This study employed a qualitative approach using an interpretive phenomenological method. Participants in this study were 15 children who were married off in Shabestar city, selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews. The transcribed interviews were analyzed using a hermeneutic approach, applying the analysis method proposed by Diekelmann, Allen, and Tanner (1989). Interviews continued until no new meanings emerged and researchers were satisfied with the depth of understanding. From the analysis of the child spouses' experiences, 894 codes were identified, yielding 5 main themes: "Factors contributing to child marriage," "Hopes and aspirations of children in child marriages," "Perceived harms," "Advantages of child marriage," and "Strategies to empower children in child marriages," along with 20 sub-themes. Strategies to mitigate the challenges of child marriage include empowering children in emotional regulation, strengthening emotional bonds between spouses, successfully managing interactions, and enhancing the psychological knowledge, attitudes, and interpersonal skills of child spouses. Keywords Lived Experiences, Child Spouses, Phenomenological Study Introduction According to the United Nations definition, child marriage is a union that occurs before the age of 18, which has detrimental effects on individuals and brings numerous negative consequences for families and society, often unresolved (Kazemipour, 2013). Examining the various issues and aspects of this phenomenon reveals that despite some positive characteristics, it also has adverse consequences. According to the majority of legal experts, early marriage violates human rights (Bunting, 2005). Some view child marriage as a socio-cultural phenomenon impacting girls' lives in certain regions, leading to numerous personal and social problems and harm. The findings of several studies indicate that child marriage is directly related to the quality of marital life and marital satisfaction. According to recent surveys on registered marriages of girls aged 10 to 14 in different regions of Iran from 1990 to 1995, East Azerbaijan had the second highest rate of child marriages. Methodology The current research is a qualitative and interpretative phenomenological study aimed at exploring the lived experiences of child spouses in Shabestar city. The statistical population consisted of child spouses in Shabestar city, and 15 child spouses willing to participate in the research shared their experiences. The sampling method was purposive, aiming for diversity, including children of recently married spouses as well as those married several years ago, and those of childless spouses to those with several children, among others. Data were collected through in-depth, individual, and semi-structured interviews, continuing until data saturation was achieved. Following transcription, the interview data were analyzed using a hermeneutic approach, following the method of Dickelman, Tanner, and Allen (1989). Data validity was ensured through ongoing review and discussion with study participants. Findings From the analysis of the experiences of 894 coded spouses' children, 5 main themes were identified. These include "Factors affecting spouses' children," which encompass sub-themes such as parental authoritarianism and violence, poverty, customary beliefs and norms, and religious prejudices. "Hopes and aspirations of spouses' children" include sub-themes like entertainment during bachelorhood, overcoming past losses and deprivations, and education. "Perceived harms" include sub-themes such as physical, familial, and social harms, emotional and psychological harm, and personal harm. "Advantages of marital children" include sub-themes like bridging the generation gap, early future planning, and low expectations. Lastly, "Strategies for empowering spouses' children" include sub-topics such as economic strategies, social skills training, psychological skills, sexual and counseling knowledge training, and religious strategies. Result Many factors contribute to the prevalence of child spouses, and child wives often discuss their hopes and dreams within the context of child marriage. Although there are some advantages to child spouses, generally, the perceived harms of child spouses are significant and adversely affect the quality of life for the children involved. Empowering children of spouses is a key strategy to help them overcome their challenges. Empowerment of spouses' children involves addressing factors that diminish their quality of life by acquiring information, knowledge, insights, and necessary skills (Batari et al., 2022). Assessing the needs of children of spouses is essential in this empowerment process (Imanzadeh and Alipour, 2015). Given that child spouses are a fundamental issue in our society, particularly in certain regions of the country, creating a cultural discourse on appropriate and timely marriage and using public media to communicate with government bodies and organizations such as schools, health centers, and the public and communication media, as well as non-governmental organizations, regarding the capabilities of children and spouses and teaching life skills, emotional regulation, communication skills, and other necessary skills before and after marriage can play a significant role in reducing the negative consequences of child marriage. It is possible to address the challenges faced by child spouses by implementing strategies such as empowering them in emotional regulation, strengthening emotional relationships, achieving success in controlling and managing interactions, and enhancing the knowledge, attitudes, and skills of spouses' children in psychological and interpersonal realms. References Abera, M., Nega, A., Tefera, Y. & Gelagay, A. A. (2020). Early marriage and women’s empowerment: The case of child-brides in Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia. BMC International Health and Human Rights, 20(1), 1-16. Adhikari R. K. (2001). Early Marriage and Childbearing: Risks and Conswquemces. Kathmandu, Nepal. Ahmadi, K. (2016). Resonance of silence, a comprehensive research on early marriage of children in Iran. Shirazeh Publication. (In Persian) Amrollahinia, M., Habibitabar, J. & Hedayatnia Ganji, F. (2020). Origins of moral damage caused by child marriage in Imami Jurisprudence and Iranian Law. Jurisprudential-Legal Studies of Woman and Family, 3(5), 7-27. (In Persian) Arimitsu, K. & Hofmann, S. G. (2015). Cognitions as mediators in the relationship between self-compassion and affect. Personality and Individual Differences, 74, 41-48. Bhattarai, P. C., Paudel, D. R., Poudel, T., Gautam, S., Paudel, P. K., Shrestha, M., ... & Ghimire, D. R. (2022). Prevalence of early marriage and its underlying causes in Nepal: A mixed methods study. Social Sciences, 11(4), 177. Brides, G. N. (2014). A theory of change on child marriage. Cited June, 17, 2021. Bunting, A. (2005). Stages of development: marriage of girls and teens as an international human rights issue. Social & Legal Studies, 14(1), 17-38. Chappell, N. L., Dujela, C. & Smith, A. (2014). Spouse and adult child differences in caregiving burden. Canadian Journal on Aging/La Revue Canadienne du Vieillissement, 33(4), 462-472. Chen, Y. & Hu, D. (2021). Gender norms and marriage satisfaction: Evidence from China. China Economic Review, 68, 101627. Cherlin, A. (2009). Marriage, Divorce, Remarriage. Harvard University Press. Clark, S. (2004). Early marriage and HIV risks in sub‐Saharan Africa. Studies in Family Planning, 35(3), 149-160. Dowling, M. (2007). From Husserl to van Manen. A review of different phenomenological approaches. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 44(1), 131-142. Eftekharzade, Z. (2015). Lived experiences of female victims of child marriage. Journal of Social Work Research, 2(3), 108-156. (In Persian) Farahmand, M., Danafar, F. & Poorebrahimabadi, M. (2021). Analysis of the marital experiences of the spouse's child: Emotional-intellectual and powerless fusion. Two Quarterly Journal of Contemporary Sociological Research, 9(17), 115-145. (In Persian) Finlay, L. (2012). Debating phenomenological methods. In Hermeneutic phenomenology in education (pp. 17-37). SensePublishers. Freedman, R. & Takeshita, J. Y. (2015). Family planning in Taiwan: An experiment in social change. Princeton University Press. Gage, A. J. (2009). Coverage and effects of child marriage prevention activities in Amhara region Ethiopia. Findings from a 2007 study. Ghasemi, G. & Dadjo, F. (2018). Pathology of the phenomenon of child marriage in Iran. The 7th Scientific Research Conference of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Social and Cultural Damages of Iran. (In Persian) Horii, H. (2021). Child Marriage, Rights and Choice: Rethinking Agency in International Human Rights. Routledge. Imanzadeh, A. & Alipour, S. (2016). Lived experiences of married women in the early marriage problems. Woman and Culture, 8(30), 31-46. (In Persian) Iranian Students News Agency/ISNA. (2021). 10.5% Increase in "marriage" of girls aged 10 to 14/recording of 725 "divorces" for girls of this age group, Friday/29 August, news code: 1400052819706. (In Persian) Javadian, S., Shomali Ahmadabadi, E., Torkashvand moradabadi, M. & Abedi, M. (2019). The context and consequences of early marriage of 13-16 years old girls in Ardakan. Journal of Iranian Social Studies, 13(4), 31-54. (In persian) Kazemipour, S. (1383). The evolution of women's marriage age in Iran and demographic factors affecting it. Women's Research, 2, 103-124. (In Persian) Lamanna, M. A. & Riedmann, A. (2005). Marriages & Families: Making Choices in a Diverse Society: Making Choices and Facing Change. Cengage Learning. Laverty, S. M. (2003). Hermeneutic phenomenology and phenomenology: A comparison of historical and methodological considerations. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 2(3), 21-35. Mehr News Agency. (1400). Identification of 58 cases of child marriage in Shabestar city, March 3, 1400, news code: 3546052557681. (In Persian) Moshki, M., Shahghasemi, Z., Delshad, N. A. & Moslem, A. (2011). The survey of condition and related factors to divorce from divorced couples' viewpoint of Gonabad City in 1387-88. Internal Medicine Today, 17(1), 35-44. (In Persian) Myrskylä, M. & Margolis, R. (2014). Happiness: Before and after the kids. Demography, 51(5), 1843-1866. News Agency of the Islamic Republic of Iran/IRNA. (2017). Sociological analysis of child marriage, 29 Bahman, news code: 83213546. (In Persian) Nour, N. M. (2006). Health consequences of child marriage in Africa. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 12(11), 1644-1649. Park, G. J. & Kang, S. G. (2019). The effect of Double-income couples' marriage satisfaction. Journal of the Korea Convergence Society, 10(4), 247-255. Paul, P. (2019). Effects of education and poverty on the prevalence of girl child marriage in India: A district–level analysis. Children and Youth Services Review, 100, 16–21. Rahayu, W. D. & Wahyuni, H. (2020). The enfluenceofearly marriage on monetarypoverty in indonesia. Journal of Indonesian Economy & Business, 35(1), 30-43. Raure, A. & Volling, B. (2013). More than One Way to be Happy: A Typology of Marital Happiness. Family Process, 52(3), 519-534. Roby, J. L., Lambert, M. & Lambert, j. M. (2009). Barriers to girls education in mozambique at household and community levels: an expliratory study. International Journal of Social Welfare, 18, 342-353. Safavi, H. S. & Minaei, M. (2015). Lived experiences of teenage girls as wives: Case study of girls’ early marriage in Aran va Bidgol. Women Studies, 6(0), 87-106. (In Persian) Sagita, R. (2020). The Effect of Peer Group and Religiosity on Early Marriage Motivation. In 5th ASEAN Conference on Psychology, Counselling, and Humanities (ACPCH 2019) (pp. 192-194). Atlantis Press. Saleh, A. M., Othman, S. M., Ismail, K. H. (2022). Exploring Iraqi people’s perception about early marriage: A qualitative study. BMC Women's Health, 22(1), 393. Sanford, K. (2005). Attributions and anger in early marriage: wives are event-dependent and husbands are schematic. Journal of Family Psychology, 19(2), 180. Sediq Orei, G. (2010). Social issues of youth. Mashhad: Academic Jihad Publications. (In Persian) Sezgin, A. U. & Punamäki, R. L. (2020). Impacts of early marriage and adolescent pregnancy on mental and somatic health: The role of partner violence. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 23(2), 155-166. Shawky, S. & Milaat, W. (2001). Cumulative impact of early maternal maritalage during the childbearing period. Pediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 15(1), 27-33. Strong, B. & Cohen, T. F. (2013). The marriage and family experience: Intimate relationships in a changing society. Cengage Learning. Talukder, A., Hasan, M., Razu. S. & Hossain, Z. (2022). Early marriage in Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study exploring the associated factors. Journal Women’s International Studies, 21(1), 1–14. Talayizadeh, F. & Bakhtiyarpour, S. (2016). The relationship between marital satisfaction and sexual satisfaction with couple mental health. Thoughts and Behavior in Clinical Psychology, 11(40), 37-46. (In Persian) Todres, L. & Holloway, I. (2006). Phenomenology. In The Research Process in Nursing. (eds K. Gerrish & A. Lacey); pp. 224–38. Oxford, Blackwell. UNICEF. (2005). Early marriage a harmful traditional practice a statistical exploration 2005. Unicef. Wahhaj, Z. (2015). A theory of child marriage (No. 1520). School of Economics Discussion Papers. Waite, L. J. (2009). Marriage. Encyclopedia of the life course and human development. Boston: Gale Cengage. Waring, S. V. & Kelly, A. C. (2019). Trait self-compassion predicts different responses to failure depending on the interpersonal context. Personality and Individual Differences, 143, 47-54. Yukich, J., Worges, M., Gage, A. J., Hotchkiss, D. R., Preaux, A., Murray, C. & Cappa, C. (2021). Projecting the impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on child marriage. Journal Adolesc Health, 69(6S), S23-S30. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| lived experiences, Child spouses, phenomenological study | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
احمدی، کامیل. (1395). طنین سکوت. پژوهشی جامع در باب ازدواج زودهنگام کودکان در ایران، نشر شیرازه. افتخارزاده، سیده زهرا. (1394). تجربه زیسته زنان در ازدواج زودهنگام. پژوهشنامه مددکاری اجتماعی, 2(3)، 108-156. امراللهی‌نیا، مهدیه.، حبیبی‌تبار، جواد و هدایت‌نیا گنجی، فرج‌الله. (1399). خاستگاه‌های خسارت معنوی ناشی از کودک‌همسری در فقه امامیه و حقوق موضوعه ایران. مطالعات فقهی حقوقی زن و خانواده، 3(5)، 27-7. ایمان‌زاده، علی و علی‌پور، سریه. (1395). تجربه زیسته زنان مرند از مشکلات ازدواج زودهنگام. زن و فرهنگ، 8(30)، 46-31. جوادیان، سیدرضا.، شمالی احمدآبادی، الهام.، ترکاشوند مرادآبادی، محمد و عابدی، محدثه. (1398). زمینه‌ها و پیامدهای ازدواج زودهنگام دختران 13 تا 16 ساله (شهرستان اردکان، یزد). مطالعات اجتماعی ایران، 13(4)، 54-31. خبرگزاری دانشجویان ایران/ ایسنا. (1400). رشد 5/10 درصدی «ازدواج» دختران ۱۰ تا ۱۴ ساله/ ثبت ۷۲۵ «طلاق» برای دختران این رده سنی. ۲۹ مرداد، کد خبر: 1400052819706. خبرگزاری جمهوری اسلامی ایران/ ایرنا (1397). تحلیل جامعه‌شناختی کودک‌همسری. ۲۹ بهمن، کد خبر: 83213546. خبرگزاری مهر. (1400). شناسایی ۵۸ فقره ازدواج کودک‌همسری در شهرستان شبستر. ۳ اسفند، کد خبر: 3546052557681. صدیق اورعی، غلامرضا. (1386). مسائل اجتماعی جوانان. مشهد: انتشارات جهاد دانشگاهی. صفوی، حنانه سادات و مینایی، ماه‌گل. (1394). تجربة زیستة دختران نوجوان در نقش همسر (مطالعة ازدواج زودهنگام دختران آران بیدگل). پژوهشنامه زنان، 6(ویژه‌نامه)، 106-87. طلایی‌زاده، فخری و بختیارپور، سعید. (1395). رابطه رضایت زناشویی و رضایت جنسی با سلامت روان زوجین. اندیشه و رفتار در روان‌شناسی بالینی، 10(40)، 46-37. کاظمی‌پور، شهلا. (1383). تحول سن ازدواج زنان در ایران و عوامل جعیتی مؤثر بر آن. زن در توسعه و سیاست، 2(3)، 63-54. فرهمند، مهناز.، دانافر، فاطمه و پورابراهیم آبادی، محبوبه. (1399). واکاوی تجارب زناشویی کودک‌همسری: درهم‌آمیختگی عاطفی-فکری و بی‌قدرتی. پژوهشهای جامعه‌شناسی معاصر، 9(17)، 145-115. قاسمی، غزل و دادجو، فرید. (1398). آسیب‌شناسی پدیده کودک‌همسری در ایران. هفتمین همایش علمی پژوهشی علوم تربیتی و روان‌شناسی، آسیب‌های اجتماعی و فرهنگی ایران. مشکی، مهدی.، شاه قاسمی، زهره.، دلشاد نوقابی، علی و مسلم، علیرضا. (1390). بررسی وضعیت و عوامل مرتبط با طلاق از دیدگاه زوجین مطلقه شهرستان گناباد در سال‌های ۸۸-۸۷. طب داخلی روز، ۱۷(۱)، 44-۳۵. Abera, M., Nega, A., Tefera, Y. & Gelagay, A. A. (2020). Early marriage and women’s empowerment: The case of child-brides in Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia. BMC International Health and Human Rights, 20(1), 1-16. Adhikari R. K. (2001). Early Marriage and Childbearing: Risks and Conswquemces. Kathmandu, Nepal. Ahmadi, K. (2016). Resonance of silence, a comprehensive research on early marriage of children in Iran. Shirazeh Publication. (In Persian) Amrollahinia, M., Habibitabar, J. & Hedayatnia Ganji, F. (2020). Origins of moral damage caused by child marriage in Imami Jurisprudence and Iranian Law. Jurisprudential-Legal Studies of Woman and Family, 3(5), 7-27. (In Persian) Arimitsu, K. & Hofmann, S. G. (2015). Cognitions as mediators in the relationship between self-compassion and affect. Personality and Individual Differences, 74, 41-48. Bhattarai, P. C., Paudel, D. R., Poudel, T., Gautam, S., Paudel, P. K., Shrestha, M., ... & Ghimire, D. R. (2022). Prevalence of early marriage and its underlying causes in Nepal: A mixed methods study. Social Sciences, 11(4), 177. Brides, G. N. (2014). A theory of change on child marriage. Cited June, 17, 2021. Bunting, A. (2005). Stages of development: marriage of girls and teens as an international human rights issue. Social & Legal Studies, 14(1), 17-38. Chappell, N. L., Dujela, C. & Smith, A. (2014). Spouse and adult child differences in caregiving burden. Canadian Journal on Aging/La Revue Canadienne du Vieillissement, 33(4), 462-472. Chen, Y. & Hu, D. (2021). Gender norms and marriage satisfaction: Evidence from China. China Economic Review, 68, 101627. Cherlin, A. (2009). Marriage, Divorce, Remarriage. Harvard University Press. Clark, S. (2004). Early marriage and HIV risks in sub‐Saharan Africa. Studies in Family Planning, 35(3), 149-160. Dowling, M. (2007). From Husserl to van Manen. A review of different phenomenological approaches. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 44(1), 131-142. Eftekharzade, Z. (2015). Lived experiences of female victims of child marriage. Journal of Social Work Research, 2(3), 108-156. (In Persian) Farahmand, M., Danafar, F. & Poorebrahimabadi, M. (2021). Analysis of the marital experiences of the spouse's child: Emotional-intellectual and powerless fusion. Two Quarterly Journal of Contemporary Sociological Research, 9(17), 115-145. (In Persian) Finlay, L. (2012). Debating phenomenological methods. In Hermeneutic phenomenology in education (pp. 17-37). SensePublishers. Freedman, R. & Takeshita, J. Y. (2015). Family planning in Taiwan: An experiment in social change. Princeton University Press. Gage, A. J. (2009). Coverage and effects of child marriage prevention activities in Amhara region Ethiopia. Findings from a 2007 study. Ghasemi, G. & Dadjo, F. (2018). Pathology of the phenomenon of child marriage in Iran. The 7th Scientific Research Conference of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Social and Cultural Damages of Iran. (In Persian) Horii, H. (2021). Child Marriage, Rights and Choice: Rethinking Agency in International Human Rights. Routledge. Imanzadeh, A. & Alipour, S. (2016). Lived experiences of married women in the early marriage problems. Woman and Culture, 8(30), 31-46. (In Persian) Iranian Students News Agency/ISNA. (2021). 10.5% Increase in "marriage" of girls aged 10 to 14/recording of 725 "divorces" for girls of this age group, Friday/29 August, news code: 1400052819706. (In Persian) Javadian, S., Shomali Ahmadabadi, E., Torkashvand moradabadi, M. & Abedi, M. (2019). The context and consequences of early marriage of 13-16 years old girls in Ardakan. Journal of Iranian Social Studies, 13(4), 31-54. (In persian) Kazemipour, S. (1383). The evolution of women's marriage age in Iran and demographic factors affecting it. Women's Research, 2, 103-124. (In Persian) Lamanna, M. A. & Riedmann, A. (2005). Marriages & Families: Making Choices in a Diverse Society: Making Choices and Facing Change. Cengage Learning. Laverty, S. M. (2003). Hermeneutic phenomenology and phenomenology: A comparison of historical and methodological considerations. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 2(3), 21-35. Mehr News Agency. (1400). Identification of 58 cases of child marriage in Shabestar city, March 3, 1400, news code: 3546052557681. (In Persian) Moshki, M., Shahghasemi, Z., Delshad, N. A. & Moslem, A. (2011). The survey of condition and related factors to divorce from divorced couples' viewpoint of Gonabad City in 1387-88. Internal Medicine Today, 17(1), 35-44. (In Persian) Myrskylä, M. & Margolis, R. (2014). Happiness: Before and after the kids. Demography, 51(5), 1843-1866. News Agency of the Islamic Republic of Iran/IRNA. (2017). Sociological analysis of child marriage, 29 Bahman, news code: 83213546. (In Persian) Nour, N. M. (2006). Health consequences of child marriage in Africa. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 12(11), 1644-1649. Park, G. J. & Kang, S. G. (2019). The effect of Double-income couples' marriage satisfaction. Journal of the Korea Convergence Society, 10(4), 247-255. Paul, P. (2019). Effects of education and poverty on the prevalence of girl child marriage in India: A district–level analysis. Children and Youth Services Review, 100, 16–21. Rahayu, W. D. & Wahyuni, H. (2020). The enfluenceofearly marriage on monetarypoverty in indonesia. Journal of Indonesian Economy & Business, 35(1), 30-43. Raure, A. & Volling, B. (2013). More than One Way to be Happy: A Typology of Marital Happiness. Family Process, 52(3), 519-534. Roby, J. L., Lambert, M. & Lambert, j. M. (2009). Barriers to girls education in mozambique at household and community levels: an expliratory study. International Journal of Social Welfare, 18, 342-353. Safavi, H. S. & Minaei, M. (2015). Lived experiences of teenage girls as wives: Case study of girls’ early marriage in Aran va Bidgol. Women Studies, 6(0), 87-106. (In Persian) Sagita, R. (2020). The Effect of Peer Group and Religiosity on Early Marriage Motivation. In 5th ASEAN Conference on Psychology, Counselling, and Humanities (ACPCH 2019) (pp. 192-194). Atlantis Press. Saleh, A. M., Othman, S. M., Ismail, K. H. (2022). Exploring Iraqi people’s perception about early marriage: A qualitative study. BMC Women's Health, 22(1), 393. Sanford, K. (2005). Attributions and anger in early marriage: wives are event-dependent and husbands are schematic. Journal of Family Psychology, 19(2), 180. Sediq Orei, G. (2010). Social issues of youth. Mashhad: Academic Jihad Publications. (In Persian) Sezgin, A. U. & Punamäki, R. L. (2020). Impacts of early marriage and adolescent pregnancy on mental and somatic health: The role of partner violence. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 23(2), 155-166. Shawky, S. & Milaat, W. (2001). Cumulative impact of early maternal maritalage during the childbearing period. Pediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 15(1), 27-33. Strong, B. & Cohen, T. F. (2013). The marriage and family experience: Intimate relationships in a changing society. Cengage Learning. Talukder, A., Hasan, M., Razu. S. & Hossain, Z. (2022). Early marriage in Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study exploring the associated factors. Journal Women’s International Studies, 21(1), 1–14. Talayizadeh, F. & Bakhtiyarpour, S. (2016). The relationship between marital satisfaction and sexual satisfaction with couple mental health. Thoughts and Behavior in Clinical Psychology, 11(40), 37-46. (In Persian) Todres, L. & Holloway, I. (2006). Phenomenology. In The Research Process in Nursing. (eds K. Gerrish & A. Lacey); pp. 224–38. Oxford, Blackwell. UNICEF. (2005). Early marriage a harmful traditional practice a statistical exploration 2005. Unicef. Wahhaj, Z. (2015). A theory of child marriage (No. 1520). School of Economics Discussion Papers. Waite, L. J. (2009). Marriage. Encyclopedia of the life course and human development. Boston: Gale Cengage. Waring, S. V. & Kelly, A. C. (2019). Trait self-compassion predicts different responses to failure depending on the interpersonal context. Personality and Individual Differences, 143, 47-54. Yukich, J., Worges, M., Gage, A. J., Hotchkiss, D. R., Preaux, A., Murray, C. & Cappa, C. (2021). Projecting the impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on child marriage. Journal Adolesc Health, 69(6S), S23-S30. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 440 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 230 |
||