پیوندهای مفید
اخبار و اعلانات
آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 25 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 932 |
| تعداد مقالات | 7,652 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 12,494,714 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 8,886,278 |
خشونت خانگی علیه زنان به عنوان قربانیان خشونت بر اساس رویکردی دلبستگی‌محور | ||
| مطالعات اجتماعی روان شناختی زنان | ||
| مقاله 5، دوره 21، شماره 3 - شماره پیاپی 76، مهر 1402، صفحه 116-134 اصل مقاله (867.97 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22051/jwsps.2023.42367.2702 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| علی خدائی* 1؛ رضا رحیمی2 | ||
| 1استادیار، گروه روانشناسی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی،دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران. (نویسنده مسئول) alikhodaei@pnu.ac.ir | ||
| 2استادیار، گروه روانشناسی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران. r_rahimi@pnu.ac.ir | ||
| چکیده | ||
| پژوهش حاضر با هدف آزمون رابطة علّی بین سبک‌های دلبستگی و خشونت خانگی در گروهی از زنان متأهل انجام شد. در این پژوهش، 120 زن متأهل از بین مراجعه‌کنندگان به سرای محلة کوهسار در منطقه 4 شهر تهران با روش نمونه‌گیری در دسترس انتخاب شدند و به سیاهه سبک‌های دلبستگی (هازان و شیور، 1987) و سیاهه خشونت علیه زنان (حاج ـ یحیی، 2001) پاسخ دادند. نتایج نشان داد که مدل علّی اثر مستقیم سبک‌های دلبستگی بر خشونت خانگی با داده‌ها برازش مطلوبی دارد. در این مدل مفروض، رابطة بین سبک دلبستگی ایمن با خشونت خانگی منفی و معنادار و رابطة بین سبک‌های دلبستگی ناایمن/اضطرابی و دوسوگرا با خشونت خانگی مثبت و معنادار بود. علاوهبر این، نتایج نشان داد تمامی ضرایب مسیر از نظر آماری معنادارند و 56 درصد از پراکندگی نمرات خشونت خانگی از طریق سبک‌های دلبستگی زنان تبیین شد. نتایج این مطالعه، همسو با آموزه‌های نظریه دلبستگی نشان داد که الگوی کیفی رابطة کودک و مراقبِ نخستین و متعاقب آن چگونگی شکل‌گیری مدل‌های کاری درونی که به‌طور اساسی، ناظر بر دیدگاه او نسبت به خود و جهان پیرامون هستند، در شکل‌دهی به اشکال ایمن و ناایمن سبک‌های دلبستگی در بزرگ‌سالان مؤثرند. علاوهبر این، نتایج نشان داد دلبستگی یکی از همبسته‌های مفهومی خشونت خانگی علیه زنان به‌عنوان قربانیان خشونت تلقی می‌شود. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| خشونت خانگی؛ سبک‌های دلبستگی؛ زنان | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Domestic Violence against women as victims of violence based on An attachment approach | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Ali Khodaei1؛ Reza Rahimi2 | ||
| 1Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran. alikhodaei@pnu.ac.ir (Corresponding Author) | ||
| 2Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran. r_rahimi@pnu.ac.ir | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| The aim of this study was to examine the causal relationship between attachment styles and domestic violence in a group of married women. In this correlational study, 120 married women were selected from those who visited the Kuhsar neighborhood house in District 4 of Tehran using the available sampling method. The participants responded to the Attachment Styles Inventory (Hazan & Shaver, 1987) and the Violence Toward Women Inventory (Haj–Yahia, 2001). The results indicated that the causal model, representing the direct effects of attachment styles on domestic violence, had a good fit with the data. In this hypothetical model, the relationship between secure attachment style and domestic violence was negative and significant, while the relationship between insecure/anxious and ambivalent attachment styles with domestic violence was positive and significant. Furthermore, the results showed that, in the hypothesized model, all path coefficients were statistically significant, and 56% of the variance in domestic violence scores was explained by women's attachment styles. In summary, the findings of the present study, consistent with the tenets of attachment theory, suggested that the qualitative model of the relationship between the child and the primary caregiver, and subsequently the formation of internal working models that fundamentally govern one's view of oneself and the world, were influential in shaping secure and insecure forms of attachment styles in adults. Additionally, the results highlighted that attachment is one of the conceptual correlates of domestic violence against women, who are victims of violence. Keywords Domestic Violence, Victims of Violence, Women Introduction Intimate partner violence (IPV) is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO, 2010; p. 11) as "behavior within an intimate relationship that causes physical, sexual, or psychological harm, including acts of physical aggression, sexual coercion, psychological abuse, and controlling, coercive, repeated behaviors." A review of empirical evidence reveals that various researchers have attempted to explain the phenomenon of domestic violence by emphasizing the explanatory role of various factors, such as hostile communication schemas, coping strategies, and some personality traits like submissiveness and feelings of inferiority. Attachment theory addresses the relationship between children and their caretakers, emphasizing how these relationships influence a child's self-concept and view of the world (Bowlby, 1988). According to the theory, it is through initial interactions with the primary caregiver (usually the mother or father) that individuals develop their own Internal Dynamic Model (IDM) about relationships. These cognitive orientations dictate how they should behave and generate expectations of how others should behave in relationships (Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Holland, Fraley, & Roisman, 2012), affecting later relationships, such as dating violence (Lee, Reese-Weber, & Kahn, 2014). Therefore, the attachment system remains important throughout an individual’s lifespan (Bowlby, 1988). A child who experiences loving care tends to develop an IDM where they see themselves as worthy of love and expect others to behave in a trustworthy and loving way. Conversely, a child experiencing maltreatment and unpredictable care can develop an IDM where they see themselves as unworthy and expect others to be unpredictable and unreliable. Such individuals are more likely to have difficulty trusting others. These attachment experiences become internalized and are generalized to other relationships, shaping affect regulation. They influence how a person perceives and relates to their romantic partner, memory functions (what to remember or forget about partner's previous reactions), inferences, judgments, and decisions about their partner's attitudes. In essence, they translate into the way of thinking, feeling, and behaving in interpersonal contexts. Methodology The statistical sample of the present study included 120 women who were selected using an available sampling method. Measures: Violence Against Women Inventory (Haj–Yahia, 2001): In this research, a questionnaire measuring violence against women was used to study women's experience of domestic violence. This questionnaire contains 32 items. The similarity coefficient of the total score of the test was obtained as 0.82 in this research. Attachment Styles Inventory (Hazan & Shaver, 1987): This inventory contains 21 items and measures three attachment styles: secure, insecure/avoidant, and ambivalent/anxious. In this study, the internal consistency coefficients of secure, insecure/avoidant, and ambivalent/anxious attachment styles were obtained as 0.74, 0.71, and 0.75, respectively. Findings Results showed that the causal model of direct effects of attachment styles on domestic violence had a good fit to the data. Additionally, the results indicated that, in the hypothesized model, all path coefficients were statistically significant, and 56% of the dispersion of domestic violence scores was explained by women's attachment styles. Results The results related to the fit indices of the model for each index (χ2), (χ2/df), (CFI), (GFI), (AGFI), and (RMSEA) were obtained as 21.11, 2.64, 0.95, 0.95, 0.91, and 0.059, respectively (Figure 1). 52/0 29/0 44/0- 53/0- 30/0 33/0- secure R2=56/0 domestic violence insecure e1 ambivalent Figure 1. Relationship model of attachment styles with domestic violence Reviewing the empirical evidence related to the explanatory role of attachment styles in predicting domestic violence shows that people with secure or insecure attachment styles use different coping methods when faced with conflicting interpersonal experiences. People with a secure attachment style, due to having cognitive representations of self-love and altruism and having rich coping resources, benefit from strategies to resolve conflicting experiences in the face of challenging interpersonal relationships, rather than using hostile methods. On the other hand, people with insecure attachment styles, who have a shaky self-concept and evaluate others and the world around them as uncertain, are more prone to display hostile and aggressive behaviors when faced with challenging interpersonal experiences due to a lack of skills. The results of the present study, in line with the teachings of attachment theory, showed that the qualitative pattern of the relationship between the child and the first caregiver, and subsequently how the internal working models are formed—basically responsible for his view of himself and the surrounding world—in shaping secure and insecure forms of attachment styles in adults, were effective. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Domestic violence, attachment styles, women | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
بگرضایی، پرویز. (1398). مطالعه جامعه‌شناختی علل و زمینه‌های بروز خشونت خانگی علیه زنان با تأکید بر سرمایه اجتماعی (مطالعه مورد: زنان متأهل شهر ایلام). زنان و خانواده، 14(49)، 176-147. شکری، امید.، خدایی، علی و معزالدینی، شیرین. (1400). تحلیل پدیدارشناختی تجربه زیسته زنان درباره خشونت خانگی در دوران قرنطینه کوید 19. روانشناسی کاربردی، 59، 402-342. لطیفیان، مریم.، عرشی، ملیحه.، علیپور، فردین و قائدامینی هارونی، غلامرضا. (1395). بررسی رابطه خشونت خانگی و طلاق عاطفی در میان زنان متأهل شهر تهران در سال 1395. مددکاری اجتماعی، 5(2)، 12-5. نجاران طوسی، طیبه.، طالبیان شریف، جعفر و عبدخدایی، محمد. (1398). بررسی رابطه سبک‌های دلبستگی و سبک‌های فرزندپروری با میانجیگری رفتارهای پرخطر بر کیفیت زندگی دختران فراری. ایده‌های نو در روانشناسی، 3(7)، 14-1. Avnaim, S., Murphy, C. M. & Miles-McLean, H. M. (2022). How do women in treatment for intimate partner violence perpetration perceive their abusive behavior? Psychology of Violence, 12(5), 324–332. Babcock, J. C., Roseman, A., Green, C. E. & Ross, J. M. (2008). Intimate partner abuse and PTSD symptomology: Examining mediators and moderators of the abuse – trauma link. Journal of Family Psychology, 22(6), 809–818. Bartholomew, K. & Allison, C. (2006). An attachment perspective on abusive dynamics in intimate relationships. In M. Mikulincer & G. S. Goodman (Eds.), Dynamics of romantic love: Attachment, caregiving, and sex. New York: Guilford (pp. 102–127). Begrezaei, P. (2019). A sociological study of the causes and backgrounds of domestic violence against women with emphasis on social capital a Case study of married women in Ilam, Iran. Scientific Journal of Women and Family Cultural and Educational, 14(49), 151-180. (In Persian) Belanger, C., Mathieu, C., Dugal, C. & Courchesne, C. (2015). The impact of attachment on intimate partner violence perpetrated by women. American Journal of Family Therapy, 43(5), 441–453. Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Parent-Child attachment and healthy human development. New York, NY: Basic Books. Brennan, K. A., Clark, C. L. & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Self-report measurement of Adult romantic attachment: Na integrative overview. In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships. New York, NY: Guilford (pp. 46–76). Clare, C. A., Velasquez, G., Martorell, G. M. M., Fernandez, D., Dinh, J. & Montague, A. (2021). Risk factors for male perpetration of intimate partner violence: A review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 56, 101532. Cohen, L. R., Field, C., Campbell, A. C. & Hien, D. A. (2013). Intimate partner violence outcomes in women with PTSD and substance use: a secondary analysis of NIDA Clinical Trials Network ‘‘Women and Trauma’’ multi-site study. Addictive Behaviors, 38(7), 2325–2332. Costa, A. C. V. & Botelheiro, A. A. L. P. (2021). The impact of intimate partner violence on psychological well-being: Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and the mediating role of insecure attachment styles. European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 5, 100151. Craparo, G., Gori, A., Petruccelli, H., Cannella, V. & Simonelli, C. (2014). Intimate partner violence: Relationships between alexithymia, depression, attachment styles, and coping strategies of battered women. Journal of Sex Medicine, 11, 1484–1494. Creasey, G. & Hesson-McInnis, M. S. (2001). Affective responses, cognitive appraisals, and conflict tactics in late adolescent romantic relationships: Associations with attachment orientations. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 48(1), 85–96. Dillon, G., Hussain, R., Loxton, D. & Rahman, S. (2013). Mental and physical health and intimate partner violence against women: A review of the literature. International Journal of Family Medicine, 2013(313909), 1–15. Dutton, D. G., & White, K. R. (2012). Attachment insecurity and intimate partner violence. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 17, 475–481. Fraley, R. C. & Waller, N. G. (1998). Adult attachment patterns: A test of the typological model. In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 77–114). New York, NY: Guilford (pp. 77–114). Giesbrecht, C. J., Edmonds, T. F. & Bruer, K. C. (2022). A survey of intimate partner violence intervention programs in Saskatchewan, Canada. Canadian Psychology, http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/cap0000348. Gower, T., Jouriles, E. N., Rosenfield, D. & McDonald, R. (2022). Physical and psychological intimate partner violence: Relations with child threat appraisals and internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Journal of Family Psychology, 36(7), 1106–1116. Haj–Yahia, M. (2001). Attitudes of Arab women to different pattern coping to wife abuse. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 17, 721-745. Hazan, C. & Shaver, P. R. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 511–524. Hazan, C. & Shaver, P. R. (1994). Attachment theory as an organizational framework for research on close relationships. Psychological Inquiry, 5(1), 1–22. Holland, A. S., Fraley, R. C. & Roisman, G. I. (2012). Attachment styles in dating couples: Predicting relationship functioning over time. Personal Relationships, 19(2), 234– 246. Klark-Carter, D. (1994). The account taken of statistical power in the British Journal of Psychology. British Journal of Psychology, 88(1), 71-83. Knox, L., Karantzas, G. C., Ferguson, E. & Lawless, N. (2022). A dyadic analysis of partner maltreatment using an attachment-based diathesis–stress model: A lab-based study. Psychology of Violence. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/vio0000439 Langdon, S., Armour, C., & Stringer, M. (2014). Adult experience of mental health outcomes as a result of intimate partner violence victimization: A systematic review. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5(24794), 1–12. Latifian , M., Arshi , M., Alipour , F. & Ghaedamini Harouni, G. (2016). Study on relationship of domestic violence with emotional divorce among the married females in Tehran. Journal of Social Work, 5(2), 5-12. (In Persian) Lawson, D. M. & Malnar, S. G. (2011). Interpersonal problems as a mediator between attachment and intimate partner violence. Journal of Family Violence, 26(6), 421– 430. Lee, M., Reese-Weber, M. & Kahn, J. H. (2014). Exposure to family violence and attachment styles as predictors of dating violence perpetration among men and women: A mediational model. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29(1), 20–43. Levendosky, A., Lannert, B. & Yalch, M. (2012). The effects of intimate partner violence on women and child survivors: An attachment perspective. Psychodynamic Psychiatry, 40(3), 397–433. Low, S., Tiberio, S. S., Capaldi, D. M. & Shortt, J. W. (2022). Associations between partner violence, parenting, and children’s adjustment: A dyadic framework. Journal of Family Psychology, 36(7), 1095–1105. Meyers, L. S., Gamst, G. & Guarino, A. J. (2016). Applied multivariate research: Design and interpretation. Sage publication. Thousand Oaks. London. New Dehi. Mikulincer, M. & Shaver, P. R. (2007). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change. New York: Guilford Press. Najaran, T., Talibian Sharif, J., Abdkhodaei, M. Najaran Toosi, Tayyaba, Talibian Sharif, Jafar, Abdkhodaei, Mohammad. Noonan, C. B. & Pilkington, P. D. (2020). Intimate partner violence and child attachment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Child Abuse & Neglect, 109, 104765. (In Persian) Pereira, M. E., Azeredo, A., Moreira, D., Brandão, I. & Almeida, F. (2020). Personality characteristics of victims of intimate partner violence: A systematic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 52, 101423. Peters, J. R., Nunes, K. L., Ennis, L., Hilton, N. Z., Pham, A. & Jung, S. (2022). Latent class analysis of the heterogeneity of intimate partner violent men: Implications for research and practice. Journal of Threat Assessment and Management. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/tam0000192. Rodenburg, F. & Fantuzzo, J. (1993). The measure of wife abuse: Steps toward the development of a comprehensive assessment technique. Journal of Family Violence, 8, 203–228. Sandberg, D. A., Suess, E. A. & Heaton, J. L. (2010). Attachment anxiety as a mediator of the relationship between interpersonal trauma and posttraumatic symptomatology among college women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25(1), 33–49. Scott, S. & Babcock, J. C. (2010). Attachment as a moderator between intimate partner violence and PTSD symptoms. Journal of Family Violence, 25(1), 1–9. Senkans, S., McEwan, T. E. & Ogloff, J. R. P. (2020). Conceptualizing intimate partner violence perpetrators' cognition as aggressive relational schemas. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 55, 101456. Shokri, O., Khodaei, A. & Moezzodini, Sh. (2021). A phenomenological study of women’s lived experiences of domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic. Quarterly of Applied Psychology, 15(3):381-402. (In Persian) Shurman, L. & Rodriguez, C. (2006). Cognitive-affective predictors of women’s readiness to end domestic violence relationships. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 21(11), 1417–1439. Simpson, J. A. & Rholes, W. S. (2012). Adult attachment orientations, stress, and romantic relationships. In P. Devine, & A. Plant (Eds.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 45). Burlington: Academic Press (pp. 279–328). Straus, M. A. (1979). Measuring intrafamily conflict and violence: The Conflict Tactics (CT) Scales. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 41(1), 75–88. Sullivan, T. P., Chiaramonte, D., Clark, D. A. & Swan, S. C. (2022). Intimate partner violence fear–11 scale: An item response analysis. Psychology of Violence. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/vio0000440 Tolman, R. M. (1999). The validation of the Psychological Maltreatment of Women Inventory. Violence Victims Journal, 14(1), 25-37. Wagener, A. E. (2022). The proportional experience of dream types in relation to posttraumatic stress disorder and insomnia among survivors of intimate partner violence. Dreaming. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/drm0000227. World Health Organization. (2010). Preventing intimate partner and sexual violence against women: Taking action and generating evidence. Geneva: World Health Organization. Yuspendi, N., Handojo, V., Athota, V., Sihotang, M. Y. M. & Aryani, P. N. A. D. (2018). Adult attachment stability–instability before and after marriage between Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) and non-IPV women separated from partners during military duty in Indonesia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy, 39(1), 103–116. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 328 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 238 |
||