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پسایندسازی: آزمونی برای شناسایی سازه‌های نحوی در فارسی | ||
| زبان پژوهی | ||
| مقالات آماده انتشار، پذیرفته شده، انتشار آنلاین از تاریخ 08 خرداد 1401 | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22051/jlr.2022.39186.2140 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
سید محمد حسینی معصوم  1؛ ملیحه اسلامی2
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| 1دانشیار زبانشناسی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران | ||
| 2کارشناس ارشد زبانشناسی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| یکی از واحدهای زبانی که در تحلیل دستوری در پژوهشهای مختلف بسیار مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته است «سازه‌ها» هستند. تقریباً تمامی عملیات نحوی بر روی سازه‌ها اعمال می‌شود و عدم شناسایی درست آنها علاوه بر ایجاد ابهام نحوی، تحلیل عملیات نحوی را نیز عملاً غیرممکن خواهد نمود. «آزمونهای تعیین سازه» ابزاری هستند که در سنّت نحو ساختارگرا و به تبع آن در کمینه‌گرایی برای شناسایی سازه‌ها و مرز بین آنها معرفی شده‌اند. این در حالیست که در زبان فارسی به این موضوع کمتر از این دید پرداخته شده است. در پژوهش حاضر پس از مروری بر آزمونهای ذکر شده در منابع مختلف و بررسی ساخت سازه‌ای زبان فارسی، ابتدا فرایند نحوی «پسایندسازی» را که در زبان فارسی به وفور رخ می‌دهد تعریف کردیم. سپس آن را با دیدی متفاوت و به عنوان آزمونی جدید برای شناسایی سازه‌ها که متناسب با نحو فارسی باشد، مورد تحلیل و بررسی قرار دادیم و به این نتیجه رسیدیم که می‌توان سازه‌های اصلی جمله همچون گروه حرف تعیین، گروه حرف اضافه‌ای، گروه صفتی، گروه قیدی و گروه متمم‌نما را با موفقیت با استفاده از این آزمون شناسایی کرد. به برخی محدودیت‌های این آزمون نیز در شناسایی بعضی سازه‌ها اشاره شده است. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| سازه‌های نحوی؛ آزمونهای تشخیص سازه؛ پسایندسازی؛ نحو؛ فارسی | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Extraposition as a Constituency Test for Syntactic Structures in Persian | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Seyed Mohammad Hosseini-Maasoum1؛ Maliheh Eslami2 | ||
| 1Associate Professor, Department of Linguistics, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran | ||
| 2M.A. in Linguistics, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| 1. Introduction: A constituent is a chain or structure made up of one or more words, which function as a whole i.e. a single unit, in syntactic operations. Almost all syntactic operations are applied to constituents. Any failure to detect them properly will not only lead to structural ambiguity but also make the analysis of the syntactic processes virtually impossible. It is here that a strong need is felt for a special device to detect the structures. Constituency tests are tools applied in the formal syntactic tradition and hence, in Minimalism, for the detection of constituents and the borderlines between them. So far, constituency tests and their applications in syntactic analyses have been substantially discussed in English resources on syntax (Radford, 1997; 2006; 2009; Carnie, 2001; Kim & Sells, 2007; Tallerman, 2011), but they have only been occasionally and briefly addressed in Persian sources although constituent detection is one of the first steps in fundamental syntactic investigations. Tests such as coordination, ellipsis, topicalization clefting, sentence fragment etc. have been frequently discussed in terms of how successful they are in detecting main categorical constituents. The results show that these tests are not absolute devices for the detection of borders between constituents. In other words, not all of them are successful in detecting all constituents. On the other hand, their efficiency may vary cross-linguistically. For example, as Hosseini-Maasoum (2022) puts it, a test like coordination is equally successful in Persian and English, while a test like topicalization may be more efficient in English than in Persian. 2. Materials and Methods One of the major syntactic operations frequently used in Persian is extraposition. The constituents in Persian sentences have extensive freedom for movement to different positions. One of these target positions is the post-verbal position. Extraposition is the movement of a constituent from an unmarked pre-verbal position to the marked post-verbal position. Although extraposition has been mentioned in a few resources, it has not been so far a candidate of constituency test in Persian. The present study begins with a review of some constituency tests in the literature and considers the constituent structure of Persian and continues to define extraposition as a frequent phenomenon in Persian. Since still a majority of linguists consider SOV as the Persian main word order, we, in the present study, consider SOV for Persian and base our analysis of extraposition on this initial unmarked status. Hence, the verb will be the rightmost (final) element and any constituent located after the verb is supposed to be there as a result of a movement, often extraposition. 3. Results and discussion: The present study considers extraposition as a constituency test; therefore, any element or chain of elements which can be moved to the post-verbal position in Persian sentences resulting in a grammatical structure is a constituent. The test was applied to different categorical constituents and non-constituents to see whether it is successful or not. The results showed that DP and PP are more frequently extraposed in Persian. It is even possible to extrapose multiple constituents in some sentences. 1. daad [DP Ali] [DP hame-ye basteh-ha ra] [PP be Maryam] gave Ali all-of package-s- OBJ to Maryam Ali gave the book to Maryam. But the extraposition of an indefinite object is disallowed (2b). 2. a) Hassan ketab khund. Hassan book read Hassan studied (read books). b) *Hassan khund ketab (Naderi & Drazi, 2014, p95) Most PPs as indirect objects and adverbials can also pass the extraposition test. An interesting finding about adjective phases is that APs can be extraposed from within an NP only if the head of the NP is an indefinite noun. 3. a) Ali [NP pezeshk-i [APbesyar hazegh]] ra baraye madar-ash avard. Ali [NP doctor-Indef. [AP very skillful]] OBJ for mother-his brought Ali brought a very skillful doctor for his mother. b) Ali [NP pezeshk-i --t-] ra baraye madar-ash avard [APbesyar hazegh]. But the extraposition test fails to detect APs moved from within an NP with a definite head. The extraposition of an AP from within a definite NP will produce an ill-formed structure. c)* Ali [NP in pezeshk --t-] ra baraye madar-ash avard [APbesyar hazegh]. The word in (this) is a definite determiner; hence the NP is definite and the extraposition of the AP is disallowed. CPs were also found detectable with this test in most cases. The only exception to this was CPs which are non-restrictive adjective clauses. 4.*doost-am emrooz bar-mi-gard-ad [CP ke dar Amrika zendegi mi-kon-ad]. friend -my today back-Pres.-come-3rd [CPthat in US live Present-do-3rd]. My friend who lives in the US comes back today. Adverbial phrases almost unanimously pass the test, and the test can be said to be efficient in detecting such constituents. 4. Conclusion: A brief review of different constituency tests showed that the issue has not been deeply touched in Persian. The results of the present study showed that we can apply extraposition as a device to detect most of the lexical and some of the functional categories realized as constituents in Persian sentences. It works well in detecting DPs, PPs, APs, AdvPs, and CPs and hence the main research question was answered. In instances where extraposition fails as a test, other constituency tests can be applied for detection. What was new in this research, was the introduction of extraposition in Persian as a constituency test. In comparison to some other tests, extraposition has a wider range of applications and is more often efficient. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| syntactic constituents, constituency tests, extraposition, syntax, Persian | ||
| مراجع | ||
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آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 17 |
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