پیوندهای مفید
اخبار و اعلانات
آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 25 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 926 |
| تعداد مقالات | 7,634 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 12,435,083 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 8,850,958 |
«بررسی تأثیر سرمایه های کارآفرینی بر عملکرد کارآفرینی زنان دانش آموختۀ آموزش عالی، ساکن در تهران» | ||
| مطالعات اجتماعی روان شناختی زنان | ||
| دوره 20، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 70، فروردین 1401، صفحه 99-129 اصل مقاله (862.94 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22051/jwsps.2021.37683.2503 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| مهرنوش فروتن* 1؛ خدیجه سفیری2؛ طاهره میرساردو3 | ||
| 1دانشجوی دکترای جامعه‌شناسی اقتصادی و توسعه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، تهران، ایران. Mehrnoush.Foroutan@srbiau.ac.ir | ||
| 2استاد گروه علوم اجتماعی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی و اقتصادی، دانشگاه الزهرا، تهران، ایران. (نویسنده مسئول). Kh.Safiri@alzahra.ac.ir | ||
| 3دانشیار گروه مدیریت، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد تهران مرکز، تهران، ایران. t.mirsardoo56@gmail.com | ||
| چکیده | ||
| کارآفرینی زنان به عنوان پدیده‌ای مرتبط با ارکان توسعۀ پایدار، برای رشد اقتصادی، اجتماعی وفرهنگی یک جمعیت، حائز اهمیت است. به دلیل شرایط جمعیتی زنان دانش‌آموختۀ غیرشاغل و نیازهای تحقیقاتی مرتبط با آن، شناخت دقیق‌تر این موضوع ضرورت دارد. لذا پیش از این، پژوهشی کیفی با 52 مشارکت کننده، روش نظریه داده بنیاد و ابزار «مصاحبۀ عمیق نیمه‌ساختاریافته انجام شد. سپس پژوهش پیمایشی حاضر به منظور سنجش یافته‌های آن انجام گرفت. یافته‌ها حاکی از تأثیر مستقیم و غیر مستقیم سرمایه های کارآفرینی بر عملکرد کارآفرینی است. جامعه آماری شامل زنان کارآفرین ودانش‌آموختۀ ساکن تهران است. ابزار پژوهش پرسشنامۀ محقق‌ساخته وروش نمونه‌گیری «اتفاقی- برخط» است. پرسشنامه ها توسط 150 پاسخگو تکمیل و داده‌های آن با استفاده از نرم افزار SPSS آزمون شد. ساختار مدل نیز به وسیلۀ نرم افزار لیزرل بررسی گردید. نتایج حاکی از این است که سرمایه‌های کارآفرینی دارای رابطۀ مثبت و معنادار با عملکرد کارآفرینی هستند. و درمیان سرمایه‌های کارآفرینی، «سرمایۀ تعهدی» از بیشترین تأثیر مستقیم بر عملکرد کارآفرینی و مرکزیت در مدل ساختاری برخوردار است. پس از آن به ترتیب سرمایه‌های اقدامی و اعتباری- اقتصادی قراردارند. به لحاظ تأثیرکل، سرمایه‌های اقدامی دارای اولین رتبه، سپس به ترتیب سرمایه‌های تعهدی، اعتباری- اقتصادی و عملیاتی قرار گرفته‌اند. تحلیل مسیر نشان می‌دهد که سرمایه تعهدی تنها به طور مستقیم، سرمایه اقدامی و سرمایه اعتباری- اقتصادی به طور مستقیم و غیر مستقیم و سرمایه عملیاتی تنها به صورت غیرمستقیم بر عملکرد کارآفرینی مؤثرند. در مجموع نتایج تایید کننده فرضیات است و قابلیت انتقال و تعمیم به سایر جوامع آماری را دارد. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| سرمایه های کارآفرینی؛ عملکرد کارآفرینی؛ زنان دانش آموختۀ آموزش عالی؛ سرمایه تعهدی | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Study of the effect of entrepreneurial capital on the entrepreneurial performance of women higher education graduates living in Tehran" | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Mehrnoush Foroutan1؛ Khadijeh Safiri2؛ Tahereh Mirsardoo3 | ||
| 1. PhD student of Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch and non-faculty member of Alzahra University. Mehrnoush.Foroutan@srbiau.ac.i | ||
| 2Professor, Department of Social Sciences, Alzahra University. Kh.Safiri@alzahra.ac.ir. (Corresponding Author) | ||
| 3Associate Professor, Department of Managment, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. t.mirsardoo56@gmail.com | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Women's entrepreneurship, as a phenomenon related to the pillars of sustainable development, is essential for the economic, social, and cultural growth of a population. Due to the demographic conditions of unemployed educated women and related research needs, a more accurate understanding of this issue is necessary. Therefore, in the beginning, qualitative research was conducted with 52 participants and the "grounded theory" method and semi-structured in-depth interview tools. Then, the present survey research was conducted to evaluate its findings. Findings indicate the direct and indirect impact of entrepreneurial capital on entrepreneurial performance. The statistical population includes women entrepreneurs and educated people living in Tehran. The research tool is a researcher-made questionnaire and "random-online" sampling method. One hundred fifty respondents completed questionnaires, and their data were tested using SPSS software. The structure of the model was examined by LISREL software. The results indicate that entrepreneurial capital has a positive and significant relationship with entrepreneurial performance. Moreover, among entrepreneurial capitals, "accrual capital" has the most direct impact on entrepreneurial performance, and it also plays a central role in the Structural Equation modelling. Then there are action and credit-economic capitals, respectively. Action capital is ranked first in total impact, followed by accrual, credit-economic, and operational capital, respectively. Path analysis shows that accrual capital only directly, action capital and credit-economic capital directly and indirectly, and operating capital only indirectly affect entrepreneurial performance. The results confirm the hypotheses and can be transferred and generalized to other statistical communities. Entrepreneurial Capitals, Entrepreneurial Performance, Women Higher Education Graduates, Accrual Capital. Introduction Today, in Iran, the population of unemployed educated women is significant. Because the entrepreneurship of educated women contributes to society's economic, social, and cultural development, planning to expand it is essential, and a more accurate understanding is essential. Thus, in a qualitative study using the "grounded theory" method and in-depth interviews with 52 participants, the theorems of the resulting paradigm model indicated that "in addition to credit-economic capital, there are some internalized social factors such as operating capital, action capital, and commitment capital that affect the entrepreneurial performance of educated women." Qualitative measurements require the assessment of hypotheses based on those theorems. Therefore, the present survey research was conducted to investigate the transferability and generalizability of the theory. The general hypothesis is that "entrepreneurial capital has a positive and significant impact on the entrepreneurial performance of graduated women in higher education living in Tehran." Independent variables consist of operating, action, accrual, and credit-economic capital. The statistical population includes women entrepreneurs and higher education graduates living in Tehran. The main question of this research is whether the qualitative research findings can be transferred to other statistical communities? In other words, "does entrepreneurial capital have a significant positive relationship with entrepreneurial performance and its sub-factors in the community of educated women entrepreneurs living in Tehran?" Or not? How (direct or indirect) and to what extent? Methodology The research method is a survey. The "random-online" sampling method and research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire that 150 members of the statistical community completed. The questionnaire consists of 74 units of criteria and items taken from the statements of participants. According to alpha Cronbach's tests, items have internal reliability and alignment. Factor analysis and Bartlett tests also show acceptable validity and reliability of the structure. Parametric tests were used to ensure the uniform distribution of variables by normality tests such as standard deviation, skew-elongation and Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Findings Descriptive statistical findings show that most respondents have an average of high accrual capital and moderate operating, action and credit-economic capital. Also, all respondents have economic problems. In inferential statistics, the results of the Pearson correlation show that the independent and general variable of "entrepreneurial capital" has a positive, significant and moderate relationship with the dependent and general variable of "entrepreneurial performance". Pearson correlation coefficient values show that all four main independent variables have a positive and significant relationship with the dependent variable. Correlation numbers indicate that the variable "accrual capital" has the first rank. After that, the independent variables of "credit-economic capital" in the second rank, "operational capital" in the third rank and "action capital" in the fourth rank have a direct, significant, average and relatively moderate relationship with the variable of entrepreneurial performance. Path analysis was performed by LISREL software. The structure of the model and the direct and indirect effects of the variables showed that the variable of accrued capital has centrality and maximum effect compared to other capitals; because not only does it have the most direct effect on entrepreneurial performance, but also the indirect effect of other variables is exerted by accrual capital. In other words, accrual capital is mediating in the Structural Equation modelling. After that, action capital and credit-economic capital have a direct and indirect effect, respectively, and operating capital is only indirectly effective. However, in terms of total impact, the results indicate that action capital has the most total impact. Then there are accrual, credit-economic and operational capitals, respectively. In general, considering that the results of this survey indicate the effect of "capital from internalized social factors" on entrepreneurial performance, it confirms the hypotheses derived from the data theory of the foundation. Therefore, we can say that the findings of qualitative research can be transferred and generalized to other statistical communities. Result Considering the alignment of the various dimensions of the present study findings with previous studies suggest that although some entrepreneurial capital may seem to be part of "individual advantages", the characteristics of "internalized social effects" is personalized in the process of socialization and has emerged in the form of individual traits. For example, "action capital" that creates the elements of decision-making and entrepreneurial action is the product of motivational factors and developmental culture formed in the family, formal and informal learning environments, and social interactions. So, suppose formal and informal cultural education affirms gender equality and personal development by stimulating various motivations such as self-actualization, financial independence, social competition, and the like. In that case, it will create such an investment that is actually in the process of socialization. The individual becomes designed and internalized and equipped to decide and act. "Operational capital", which results from increasing the life experiences of employment and various communication-adaptive and specialized skills, is gradually created through trial and error, imitation, and learning, to fill possible gaps in business, making adaptive connections reduces vulnerabilities. "Credit-economic" capital also appears similarly under the influence of the social base and socio-economic relations governing the family and society. Creating social emotion, responsibility, and a sense of social solidarity depends on how the family interacts with others and society, social interactions, and formal and informal learning environments, which not only gradually create characteristics such as security, intimacy, and cooperation but also with their emergence, creates the comparative advantages of entrepreneurship, and consequently the entrepreneurial practices of educated women, the results of which are beneficial to society. Therefore, social planners and families have solemn responsibilities to create appropriate conditions for educated women's entrepreneurial capital. Consequently, it is suggested that social conditions be created to strengthen entrepreneurial capital through cultural, formal, and informal education. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Entrepreneurial Capitals, Entrepreneurial Performance, Women Higher Education Graduates, Accrual capital | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
احمدپور داریانی، محمود و مقیمی، سیدمحمد. (1395). مبانی کارآفرینی. نشر فراندیش، چاپ هفدهم. ازغند، معصومه.، خانی، نوشین و موسایی، میثم. (1395). بررسی تجربه زیستۀ اشتغال فارغ التحصیلان آموزشگاه فنی- حرفه‌ای دختران بقیه الله سبزوار. دانشگاه امام رضا علیه السلام، دانشکده هنر. امیری، معصومه.، قدیری مقدم، ابوالفضل و عابدی سروستانی، احمد. (1395). واکاوی جنسیتی دانشجویان در قابلیت‌های کارآفرینی. اولین کنفرانس بین‌المللی کارآفرینی، خلاقیت و نوآوری، شیراز، 29 مردادماه. پاک خصال، اعظم و سفیری، خدیجه. (1398). بررسی تأثیر ویژگی‌های فردی و اجتماعی زنان کارآفرین بر موفقیت در کارآفرینی. فرهنگی تربیتی زنان و خانواده، 13(46)، 153-115. عزیزی، محمد. (1394). بررسی تحلیلی-مقایسه‌ای عملکرد مراکز کارآفرینی برتر دانشگاه‌های آمریکا و مراکز کارآفرینی دانشگاه‌های منتخب ایران. نوآوری و ارزش‌آفرینی، 4(8)، 32-21. فروتن، مهرنوش.، سفیری، خدیجه و میرساردوو، طاهره. (1400). تعاریف و سنخ‌شناسی کارآفرینی و خود اشتغالی زنان دانش‌آموخته آموزش عالی شاغل در شهر تهران. توسعه اجتماعی، 15(4)، 38-1. کشاورز خدیجه. (1394). مطالعۀ زمینه‌های شکاف میان دسترسی زنان به آموزش عالی و حضور آنان در بازار کار. مطالعات توسعه اجتماعی- فرهنگی، 4(1)، 202-177. مالکپور، کامران و دلاور، علی. (1394). نقش آموزش‌های دانشگاهی بر ایجاد روحیه کارآفرینی و راهکارهای ارتقاء آن. پژوهشهای تربیتی، 2(۳۱)، 57-۳۲. ممیز، آیت‌اله.، قاسمی، سیده‌عاطفه و قاسمی، سیده‌فاطمه. (1392). بررسی عوامل مؤثر در توسعه کارآفرینی زنان. رشد فناوری، 9(35)، 22-15. مهدوی مزده، محمد.، بانک، مائده.، زاهدی، محمدرضا و پورمسگری، مجید. (1392). تعیین شاخص‌های تأثیرگذار در کارآفرین بودن دانشگاه‌های دولتی ایران و رتبه‌بندی دانشگاه‌ها از این منظر. سیاست علم و فناوری، 6(1)، 98-81. Ahmadpour Dariani, M. & Moghimi, M. (2016). Fundamentals of entrepreneurship. Farandish Publishing, 17th edition. (In Persian) Amiri, M., Ghadiri Moghadam, A. & Abedi Sarvestani, A. (2016). Students' gender analysis in entrepreneurial abilities. The First International Conference on Entrepreneurship, Creativity and Innovation, Shiraz, 29 August. (In Persian) Azghand, M., Khani, N. & Mosaei, M. (2016). Study of the life experience of graduates' employment. Baqiyatallah Sabzevar Girls' Technical-Vocational School, Imam Reza University, Faculty of Arts. (In Persian) Azizi, M. (2015). Analytical study-comparison of the performance of top entrepreneurship centers of American universities and entrepreneurship centers of selected universities in Iran. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 4(8), 32-21. (In Persian) Bygrave, W. D. (2004). The Entrepreneurial Process In: Bygrave, W. D. & Zacharakis, A. Eds., The Portable MBA in Entrepreneurship, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken. Calota, G. & Ilie, G. (2013). The lost generation. an analysis on the employability of higher education graduates in Europe. Case Study: Romania. Internal Auditing and Risk Management, Athenaeum University of Bucharest, 30(1), 135-144. Carmina, R. (2016). Employment status in amateur sport in Italy. European Labour Law Journal, 7(1), 142-163. Christina, J. (2013). Impact of strategic orientation on women owned service enterprises. Tenth Aims International Conference on Management, January 2013. Foroutan, M., Safiri, K. & Mirsardo, T. (2021). Phenomenological typology of entrepreneurship and self-employment of working graduated women in Tehran. Social Development, 15(4), 1-38. (In Persian) Faisal, M. N., Jabeen, F. & Katsioloudes, M. I. (2017). Strategic interventions to improve women entrepreneurship in GCC countries. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 9(2), 161-180. Gürol, Y. & Atsan, N. (2006). Entrepreneurial characteristics amongst university students: Some insights for entrepreneurship education and training in Turkey. Education and Training, 48(1), 25-38. Henly, A. (2012). Job creation by the self-employment: The roles of entrepreneurship and financial capital. Small Business Economics, 25(2), 175-196. Ibe, B. & Aniagbaoso, A. (2012). Reducing graduate unemployment through entrepreneurship development: The Nigerian experience. African Journal of Social Sciences, (4), 139-152. Jabeen, F., Katsioloudes, M. I. & Das, S. S. (2015). Is family the key? exploring the motivation and success factors of female Emirati entrepreneurs. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 25(4), 375-394. Keshavarz, K. (2015). The gap between women's access to higher education and their presence in the labor market. Socio-Cultural Development Studies, 4(1), 177-202. (In Persian) Low, S. A. (2009). Defining and measuring entrepreneurship for regional research: A new approach. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Maden, C. (2015). A gendered lens on entrepreneurship: Women entrepreneurship in Turkey. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 30(4), 312-331. Mahdavi Mazdeh, M., Bank, M., Zahedi, M. R. & Poormesgari, M. (2013). Recognition of state universities entrepreneurship indicators and ranking the universities in aspect of entrepreneurship. Journal of Science & Technology Policy, 6(1), 81-98. (In Persian) Malekpour, K. & Delavar, A. (2016). The identification role of academic training on developing the entrepreneurial spirit and providing soloutions strategies for promoting it. Educational Research, 2(31), 32-57. (In Persian) Martina, A. (2018). Motivation and obstacle faced by women halal fashion entrepreneurs and role of the business on women's economic empowerment in Yogyakarta Indonesia. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews, 6(2), 106-110. Momayez, A., Ghasemi, A. & Ghasemi, F. (2013). A study of factors affecting women's entrepreneurship development. Quarterly Journal of Technology and Growth Centers, 9(35), 15-22. (In Persian) Murphy, P. J., Liao, J. & Welsch, H. P. (2006). A conceptual history of entrepreneurial thought. Journal of Management History, 12(1), 12-35. Nawaz, F. (2009). Critical factors of women entrepreneurship development in rural, Bangladesh. Bangladesh Development Research Working Paper. Series(BDRWPS). Pak Khesal, A. & Safiri, K. (2019). The effect of personal and social characteristics of women entrepreneurs to entrepreneurial success. The Women and Families Cultural-Educational, 13(46), 115-153. (In Persian) Parker, S. C. (2005). Explaining regional variations in entrepreneurship as multiple occupational equilibria. Journal of Regional Science, 45(4), 829-850. Sánchez, J. C. (2011). University training for entrepreneurial competencies: Its impact on intention of venture creation. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 7(2), 239-254. Sarfaraz, L., Faghih, N. & Majd, A. A. (2014). The relationship between women entrepreneurship and gender equality. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 2(1), 1-11. Shahraki, H., Movahedi, R. & Yaghobi- Farani, A. (2016). Examining the cultural and social components of rural entrepreneurship: A qualitative study. Journal of Entrepreneurship Development, 9(4), 749-767. Xavier, S. R., Ahmad, S. Z., Nor, L. M. & Yusof, M. (2012). Women entrepreneurs: Making a change from employment to small and medium business ownership. Procedia Economics and Finance, 4, 321-334. Zimmerman, J. (2008). Refining the definition of entrepreneurship. A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education in Organizational Leadership. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 337 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 303 |
||