پیوندهای مفید
اخبار و اعلانات
آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 25 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 932 |
| تعداد مقالات | 7,652 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 12,493,245 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 8,884,862 |
Pragmalinguistic Variation in L2 Learners’ E-Requests to Faculty: Looking at Degree of Imposition | ||
| Journal of Language Horizons | ||
| دوره 4، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 7، فروردین 2020، صفحه 105-126 اصل مقاله (474.14 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: Research article | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22051/lghor.2020.30297.1256 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| Mahmood Hashemian* 1؛ Maryam Farhang-Ju2 | ||
| 1Associate Professor. English Department, Faculty of Letters and Humanities, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran | ||
| 2Master of English Language Teaching, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Shahrekord University | ||
| چکیده | ||
| Politeness plays an important role in initiated e-mail requests sent from students to faculty. One such feature of requests susceptible to politeness is the degree of imposition, which is one of the important variables in speech act production. Although the literature on requests is abundant, there are few studies on low- and high-imposition requests, in general, and on Iranian L2 learners’ low- and high-imposition requests, in particular. Through analyzing L2 learners’ requests, this study was an attempt to explore the distribution of pragmalinguistic means when writing English e-mail requests with low- and high degrees of imposition. For the purpose of this study, a corpus of 208 e-mail requests was collected for a rigorous qualitative analysis. The e-requests were classified into 4 categories: information, validation, feedback, and action. They were, then, coded and analyzed. It appeared that, though similar in many ways, the distribution of request type, openings, head act strategies, and internal and external modifiers were relatively conditioned by the degree of imposition. The findings can have valuable resources for future studies of potential interlanguage pragmatics studies, which are concerned with L2 learners’ performance and pragmatic competence in L2 learning. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| Degree of Imposition؛ E-requests؛ Internal and External Modifiers؛ Pragmalinguistics؛ Speech Acts | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| تنوع کاربردشناختی زبان در درخواست‌های الکترونیکی فراگیران زبان دوم به استادان: نگاهی به درجۀ تحمیل | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| محمود هاشمیان1؛ مریم فرهنگ جو2 | ||
| 1دانشیار دانشکدۀ ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه شهرکرد | ||
| 2کارشناس ارشد آموزش زبان انگلیسی، دانشکدۀ ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه شهرکرد | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| ادب نقش بسزایی در درخواست‌های الکترونیکی ارسالی ازسوی دانشجویان به دانشگاه ایفا می‌کند. یکی از ویژگی‌های درخواست‌ها که بر ادب تأثیرگذار است، درجۀ تحمیل است که از متغیرهای مهم در تولید کنش گفتاری است. اگرچه پژوهشهای مربوط به درخواست فراوان است، به‌طورکلی، مطالعات کمی در رابطه با درخواست‌های با درجۀ تحمیل کم و زیاد و به‌ویژه، درمورد درخواست‌های فراگیران ایرانیِ زبان دوم با درجۀ تحمیل متفاوت انجام شده است. در این مطالعه با تحلیل درخواست‌های زبان‌آموزان تلاش شده تا توزیع ابزارهای کاربردشناختیِ زبان در نوشتار درخواست‌های الکترونیکی انگلیسی با درجۀ تحمیل کم و زیاد مورد بررسی قرار گیرد. بدین منظور، 208 درخواست الکترونیکی برای تحلیل دقیق کیفی جمع‌آوری شد. این درخواست‌ها به چهار دستۀ اطلاع، تأیید، بازخورد و انجام کار طبقه‌بندی و سپس کدگذاری و تحلیل شدند. به نظر می‌رسد اگرچه درخواست‌ها از بسیاری جهات مشابه بودند، توزیع نوع درخواست، بخش اول، راهبرد‌های کنش اصلی و تعدیل‌کننده‌های داخلی و خارجی رابطۀ نسبتاً مستقیمی با درجۀ تحمیل داشته باشند. یافته‌های این مطالعه می‌تواند منبع ارزشمندی برای مطالعات کاربردشناختیِ بین‌زبانی آینده باشد که عملکرد و توانش فراگیران انگلیسی به‌عنوان زبان دوم را مدنظر دارند. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| درجۀ تحمیل, درخواست‌های الکترونیکی, تعدیل‌کننده‌های داخلی و خارجی, کاربردشناسی زبان, کنش‌های گفتاری | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
Abdi, R., Tavangar Rizi, M., & Tavakoli, M. (2010). The cooperative principle in discourse communities and genres: A framework for the use of metadiscourse. Journal of Pragmatics, 42(6),1669-1679.
Bachman, L. F. (1990). Fundamental consideration in language testing. Oxford University Press.
Biesenbach-Lucas, S. (2006). Making requests in e-mail: Do cyber-consultations entail directness? Toward conventions in a new medium. In K. Bardovi-Harlig, J. C. Felix-Brasdefer, & S. O. Alwiya (Eds.), Pragmatics and language learning (pp. 81-108). University of Hawaii Press.
Biesenbach-Lucas, S. (2007). Student writing e-mails to faculty: An examination of e-politeness among native and nonnative speakers of English. Language Learning & Technology, 11(2), 59-81.
Bloch, J. (2002). Student/teacher interaction via e-mail: The social context of internet discourse. Online Journal of Second Language Writing, 11, 117-134.
Blum-Kulka, S., House, J., & Kasper, G. (1989). The CCSARP coding manual. In S. Blum-Kulka, J. House, & G. Kasper (Eds.), Cross-cultural pragmatics: Requests and apologies (pp. 273-294). Albex.
Brown, P., & Levinson., S. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language use. Cambridge University Press.
Chang, Y. (2006). An inquiry into pragmatic data collection methods [Paper presentation]. KATE International Conference, Seoul, Korea.
Chejnová, P. (2014). Expressing politeness in the institutional e-mail communications of university students in the Czech Republic. Journal of Pragmatics, 60(2), 175-192.
Chen, C. E. (2001). Making e-mail requests to faculty members: Taiwanese vs. American students [Paper presentation]. The American Association for Applied Linguistics Conference, St. Louis, Missouri.
Chen, C. E. (2006). The development of e-mail literacy: From writing to peers to writing to authority figures. Language Learning and Technology, 10(2), 35-55.
Economidou-Kogetsidis, M. (2009). Interlanguage request modification: The use of lexical/phrasal downgraders and mitigating supportive moves. Multilingual, 28(1), 79-112.
Economidou-Kogetsidis, M. (2011). Please answer me as soon as possible: Pragmatic failure in nonnative speakers’ e-mail requests to faculty Journal of Pragmatics, 43(13), 3193-3215.
Economidou-Kogetsidis, M. (2018). Mr. Paul, please inform me accordingly. Pragmatics: Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA), 28(4), 489-516.
Eslami-Rasekh, Z. (1993). A cross-cultural comparison of the requestive speech act realization patterns in Persian and American English. In L. Bouton & Y. Kachru (Eds.) Pragmatics and language learning (pp. 85-103). Urbana-Champaign, IL: Division of English as an International Language.
Eslami-Rasekh, Z. (2013). Online communication and students’ pragmatic choices in English. Lodz Papers in Pragmatics, 9(1), 71-92.
Eslami-Rasekh, Z., & Mirzaei, A. (2014). Speech act data collection in a non-Western context: Oral and written DCTs in the Persian language. Iranian Journal of Language Testing, 4(1), 137-154.
Félix-Brasdefer, J. C. (2012). E-mail requests to faculty: E-politeness and internal modification. In M. Economidou-Kogetsidis & H. Woodfield (Eds.), Interlanguage request modifiers (pp. 87-118). John Benjamins.
Fraser, B. (2010). Pragmatic competence: The case of hedging. In G. Kaltenböck, W. Mihatsch, & S. Schneider (Eds.), New approaches to hedging (pp. 15-34). Emerald.
Hashemian, M., & Farhang-Ju, M. (2017). A pragmatic study of speech acts by Iranian and Spanish English learners. Journal of Research in Applied Linguistics, 8, 14-20.
Hashemian, M., & Farhang-Ju, M. (2019). Applied linguistics faculty members’ perceptions of (im)politeness and (in)appropriateness of L2 learners’ e-mail requests. Journal of Teaching Language Skills, 38(1), 119-155.
Jessmer, S. L., & Anderson, D. (2001). The effect of politeness and grammar on user perceptions of electronic mail. North American Journal of Psychology, 3(2), 331-346.
Karabenick S. A., & Gonida, E. N. (2018) Academic help seeking as a self-regulated learning strategy: Current issues, future directions. In H. D. Schunk & J. A. Greene (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation of learning and performance (pp. 421-33). Routledge.
Lakoff, R. (1973). Language and woman’s place. Language in Society, 2(1), 45-79.
Leech, G. N. (1977). Language and tact. University of Trier Press.
Lewandowski, G., & Harrington, S. (2006). The influence of phonetic abbreviations on evaluation of student performance. Current Research in Social Psychology, 11(15), 215-226.
Locher, M. A., & Watts, R. J. (2005). Politeness theory and relational work. Journal of Politeness Research, 1(1), 9-33.
Lorenzo-Dus, N., & Bou-Franch, P. (2013). A cross-cultural investigation of e-mail communication in Peninsular Spanish and British English: The role of (in)formality and (in)directness. Pragmatics and Society, 4(1), 1-25.
Merrison, A. J., Wilson, J. J., Davies, B. L., & Haugh, M. (2012). Getting stuff done: Comparing e-mail requests from students in higher education in Britain and Australia. Journal of Pragmatics, 44(9), 1077-1098.
Mohammadi, R. (2016). A cross-cultural pragmatic study of salutation strategies and small talks in students’ requestive e-mails to faculty: Iranian EFL and American contexts (Unpublished master’s thesis). Shahrekord University.
Najeeb, Z. M., Maros, M., & Nor, N. F. M. (2012). Politeness in e-mails of Arab students in Malaysia. GEMA Online® Journal of Language Studies, 12(1), 125-145.
Sánchez Rosas, J., & Pérez, E. (2015). Measuring threats, benefits, emotional costs and avoidance of academic help-seeking in Argentinian university students. Pensamiento Psicológico, 13(2), 49-64.
Savic, M. (2018). Lecturer perceptions of im/politeness and in/appropriateness in student e-mail requests: A Norwegian perspective. Journal of Pragmatics, 124(1), 52-72.
Thomas, J. (1983). Cross-cultural pragmatic failure. Applied Linguistics, 4(2), 91-112.
Yuan, Y. (2001). An inquiry into empirical pragmatics data-gathering methods: Written DCTs, oral DCTs, field notes, and natural conversations. Journal of Pragmatics, 33(2), 271-292.
Zarei, G., & Mohammadi, M. (2012). E-politeness in Iranian English electronic requests to the faculty. Research in Applied Linguistics, 3(1), 3-24. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 493 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 344 |
||