تعداد نشریات | 25 |
تعداد شمارهها | 932 |
تعداد مقالات | 7,652 |
تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 12,494,301 |
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 8,885,679 |
مدل دستیابی زنان کُرد به جایگاههای رهبری در اقلیم کردستان عراق | ||
مطالعات اجتماعی روان شناختی زنان | ||
مقاله 3، دوره 17، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 59، تیر 1398، صفحه 63-98 اصل مقاله (1.27 M) | ||
نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22051/jwsps.2019.28068.2085 | ||
نویسندگان | ||
نازنین کریم محمد الجاف* 1؛ مجتبی امیری2؛ خدیجه سفیری3؛ فرشته امین4 | ||
1دانشجوی دکتری مدیریت بازرگانی - رفتار سازمانی/ گروه مدیریت منابع انسانی، دانشکده مدیریت، دانشگاه تهران، ایران | ||
2دانشیار و مدیر گروه گروه مدیریت دولتی، دانشکده مدیریت، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران | ||
3استاد تمام و مدیر گروه علوم اجتماعی، دانشکده علوم اقتصادی و اجتماعی، دانشگاه الزهرا، تهران، ایران | ||
4استادیار گروه مدیریت منابع انسانی، دانشکده مدیریت دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران | ||
چکیده | ||
زنان کُرد بیش از زنان عرب در صحنههای اجتماعی حضور دارند، هر چند با وجود حضور آزادانه در اجتماع، تعداد زنان درجایگاههای رهبری و مدیریت ارشد در سازمانها و جامعه، بسیار اندک است. هدف این تحقیق با استفاده از روش نظریه دادهبنیاد کلاسیک، طراحی مدل دستیابی زنان به جایگاههای رهبری در اقلیم کردستان عراق بودهاست. از نمونهگیری نظری تا رسیدن مقولهها به اشباع نظری استفاده شدهاست و شانزده زن مشارکتکننده در این تحقیق، دارای پستهای عالی مدیریت و رهبری مانند نمایندگی مجلس در اقلیم کردستان عراق بودند. هفت مقوله اشباع شده تحقیق شامل هنجارهای مردسالاری با روکش مذهبی و فرهنگ عشیرهای کُردی، نفت و بیماری هلندی در اقلیم کردستان عراق، خصوصیات منفی زنان در کردستان، داشتن خانواده سرشناس و حامی با نفوذ در قبیله و حزب، تسهیل کنندههای دستیابی به رهبری، داشتن الگو و مربی و خصوصیات رهبری میشود. درنهایت براساس این مقولهها، مدلی ارائه شده است. مهمترین یافته پژوهش این است که زنان برای دستیابی به جایگاههای رهبری نیازمند داشتن خانواده بانفوذ و قدرتمند هستند، همچنین، آنها بایستی از برخی خصوصیات رهبری و داشتن الگو و مربی برخوردار باشند عوامل تسهیلکنندهای مانند سهمیه، دستیابی زنان به جایگاههای رهبری را سهولت میبخشد. | ||
کلیدواژهها | ||
رهبری زنان؛ روش نظریة داده بنیاد کلاسیک؛ هنجارهای مردسالاری؛ خصوصیات رهبری؛ اقلیم کردستان عراق | ||
عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
Model of Achieving Leadership Positions among Kurdish Women in Kurdistan Region of Iraq | ||
نویسندگان [English] | ||
Nazanin Kareem Mohammed Aljaf1؛ Mojtaba Amiri2؛ Khadijeh Safiri3؛ Freshteh Amin4 | ||
1Ph.D Candidate, Department of Human Resource Managementو Faculty of Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran | ||
2Associate Professor of Public Administration, University of Tehran | ||
3Full Professor, Faculty of Social Sciences and Economics, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran | ||
4Assistant Professor, Faculty of Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran | ||
چکیده [English] | ||
Kurdish women are more active in social scenes than Arab women, although despite the fact of being freely present in society, the number of Kurdish women in senior management positions in organizations and society are very low. The purpose of this research which used Classic grounded theory was to design a model for women's achievement to leadership positions in the Iraqi Kurdistan region. Theoretical sampling has been used to reach the categories to theoretical saturation. Sixteen women participated in this study have high-level, managerial and leadership positions in Iraqi Kurdistan region. The seven saturated categories of research are; Patriarchal norms with religious cover and Kurdish tribal culture, oil and Dutch disease in the Iraqi Kurdish region, the negative qualities of women in Kurdistan, having the support of prominent families and influential members of the tribe and the party, facilitators for achieving Leadership, having mentor and coach, and leadership traits. Based on these categories, a model is presented. The main finding of this study is that women need a strong and influential family to reach leadership positions. In addition, they must have some leadership traits, role model and mentor. Also, facilitating factors such as the quota, ease women's achievement to leadership. | ||
کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
Women Leadership, Classic Grounded Theory, Patriarchy Norms, Leadership Traits, Iraqi Kurdistan Region | ||
مراجع | ||
حاجی میرخان، زرار. (1390). اقلیم کردستان عراق. فصلنامه فرهنگی اجتماعی گفتگو، شماره 58. رضوانی، مهدیه و زنجانیزاده، هما. (1394). بررسی عوامل موثر بر تقسیم کار در خانواده مطالعه موردی: زنان متاهل شاغل در آموزش و پرورش شهر مشهد. مطالعات اجتماعی روان شناختی زنان، 13(4)، 29-60. سفیری، خدیجه و منصوریان راوندی، فاطمه. (1394). کلیشههای جنسیّتی و سلامت اجتماعی. مطالعات اجتماعی روان شناختی زنان، 13(2)، 37- 66. سهراب، گلچهره. (1385). مروری بر ادبیات رهبری زنان و تفاوتهای سبکهای رهبری زنان و مردان. چهارمین کنفرانس بین المللی مدیریت. ضرغامیفرد، مژگان و بهبودی، محمدرضا. (1393). پدیده صخره شیشهای: بررسی تجربهها و چالشهای زنان در پستهای رهبری سازمان. مدیریت فرهنگ سازمانی، 12(2)، 191- 212. علیقلی، منصوره. (1395). بررسی رابطه بین مشارکت زنان در نیروی کار و توسعه اقتصادی کشورهای اسلامی. مطالعات اجتماعی روان شناختی زنان، 14(2)، 63-86. Abalkhail, J.M. and Allan, B. (2016). “Wasta” and women’s careers in the Arab Gulf States”, Gender in Management: An International Journal, 31 (3): 162-180. Abdalla, I. A. (2015). Being and Becoming a Leader: Arabian Gulf Women Managers' Perspectives. International Journal of Business and Management, 10(1), 25. Age, L. J. (2011). Grounded theory methodology: Positivism, hermeneutics, and pragmatism. The qualitative report, 16(6), 1599-1615. Aligholi, M. (2015). The relationship between women's participation in the workforce and economic development in Islamic countries. Quarterly Journal of Women's Studies Sociological and Psychological, 14 (2), 63-86 (Text in Persian). Alghamadi, A. (2007). Explicit and implicit motivation towards outbound tourism: a study of Saudi tourists. University of Glasgow. Unpublished Dissertation. Arzeni, S. (2009). The impact of culture on tourism, OECD. Badran, M. (2011). Feminist, Islam, and nation: Gender and the making of modern Egypt. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Barreto, M., Ryan, M. K., and Schmitt, M. T. (2009). The glass ceiling in the 21st century: Understanding barriers to gender equality. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Becker, T. A. (2006). The self-perceived leadership characteristics of female producers .(Masters thesis liberty university Department of Communication Studies, United States).Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk Burke, R. J. (2009). Cultural values and women’s work and career experiences. In R. S. Bhagat and R. M. Steers (Eds.), Culture, organizations, and work (pp. 442–461). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Burns N (2007) Gender in the aggregate, gender in the individual, gender and political action. Politics & Gender. 3 (1),104-124. Colbert, A. E., Judge, T. A., Choi, D., and Wang, G. (2012). Assessing the trait theory of leadership using self and observer ratings of personality: The mediating role of contributions to group success. The Leadership Quarterly, 23(4), 670-685. Collier, P., and Hoeffler, A. (2004). Greed and grievance in civil war. Oxford economic papers, 56(4),563-595. Creswell, J. W. (2012). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage. Cross, C. (2010). Barriers to the executive suite: evidence from Ireland. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 31(2), 104-119. Fearon, J. D., and Laitin, D. D. (2003). Ethnicity, insurgency, and civil war. American political science review, 97(1), 75-90. Folta, S. C., Seguin, R. A., Ackerman, J., and Nelson, M. E. (2012). A qualitative study of leadership characteristics among women who catalyze positive community change. BMC public health, 12(1), 383. Frankel, J. A. (2012). The natural resource curse: A survey of diagnoses and some prescriptions.HKS Faculty Research Working Paper Series. www.dash. harvard. edu/bitstream/handle/1/4454156/Frankel_NaturalResource.pdf?sequence=1&origin=publication_detail Glaser, B. G. (1978). Theoretical sensitivity: Advances in the methodology of grounded theory. Mill Valley, CA: The Sociology Press. Glaser, B. G. (2016). Conceptualization: On theory and theorizing using grounded theory. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 1(2), 23-38. Glaser, B. G., and Holton, J. (2007). Remodeling grounded theory. Historical SocialResearch/Historische Sozialforschung. Supplement 19(32), 47-68. Glaser, B. G., and Hon. (2005). Staying open: the use of theoretical codes in grounded theory. The Grounded Theory Review, 5(1), 1-20. Glaser, B. G., and Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research: Aldine de Gruyter. Haji Mirkhan, Zarar (2011), Iraqi Kurdistan Region, Goftogu Social-Cultural Journal, no 58 (Text in Persian). Hampden, M. (2015). Women on top .(Doctoral dissertation, University of Prince Edward Island). Harley, D., Grome, S., Kim, S. H., McLendon, T., Hunn, V., Canfield, J., ... and Wells, A. (2018). Perceptions of Success and Self-Sustainability Among Women Participating in an Entrepreneurial Skills Development and Empowerment Program Through Photovoice. Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 1-19. Hart, D. M. (2014). Tribe and society in rural Morocco. Routledge. Helfat, C. E., Harris, D., & Wolfson, P. J. (2006). The pipeline to the top: Women and men in the top executive ranks of US corporations. Academy of Management Perspectives, 20(4), 42-64. Hernandez, M., Eberly, M. B., Avolio, B. J., and Johnson, M. D. (2011). The loci and mechanisms of leadership: Exploring a more comprehensive view of leadership theory. The Leadership Quarterly, 22(6), 1165-1185. Hirsch, P., and Hilton, M. (2014). Practical Visionaries: Women, Education and Social Progress, 1790-1930. Routledge. Hoffman, B. J., Woehr, D. J., Maldagen‐Youngjohn, R., and Lyons, B. D. (2011). Great man or great myth? A quantitative review of the relationship between individual differences and leader effectiveness. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 84(2), 347-381. Hogg, M. A. (2018). Self-Uncertainty, Leadership Preference, and Communication of Social Identity. Atlantic Journal of Communication, 26(2), 111-121. Hubbard, M. G. (2018). Where Are the Women? An Investigation into Why Women Are Not Attaining Top Leadership Positions within the Financial Services Industry (Doctoral dissertation, Temple University). Ibarra, H., Ely, R., and Kolb, D. (2013). Women rising: The unseen barriers. Harvard business review, 91(9), 60-66. Jensen, N., and Wantchekon, L. (2004). Resource wealth and political regimes in Africa. Comparative political studies, 37(7),816-841. Joly, D., and Bakawan, A. (2016). Women in Kurdistan-Iraq: issues, obstacles and enablers. The International Journal of Human Rights, 20(7), 956-977. Judge, T. A., Heller, D., and Mount, M. K. (2002). Five-factor model of personality and job satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Journal of applied psychology, 87(3), 530. Kerr, N. M. (2011). Creating a protective picture: A grounded theory of how medical surgical nurses decide to follow a "charting-by-exception" policy on a day-to-day, patient-by-patient basis.(Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey) Leibbrandt, A., and List, J. A. (2014). Do women avoid salary negotiations? Evidence from a large-scale natural field experiment. Management Science, 61(9), 2016-2024. Lillbacka, M. (2010). Female Leadership Motivation in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises.https://www.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/15315/Lillbacka_ Marjo.pdf Lin, Y., Lai, P., Chiu, Y. C., Hsieh, H., and Chen, Y. (2016). Experience of dormitory peer mentors: Journey of self-learning and development. Education, 136, 437–450. Lovenduski J (2005) Feminizing Politics. Cambridge, UK: Polity. Melero, E. (2011). Are workplaces with many women in management run differently?. Journal of Business Research, 64(4), 385-393. MacDowall, David (2004), A Modern History of the Kurds (3rd ed.), London: I.B. Tauris, pp. 207–210. Maktabi, R. (2010). Gender, family law and citizenship in Syria. Citizenship Studies, 14(5), 557-572. Marques, J. (2018). Courage: Mapping the Leadership Journey. In Women's Leadership Journeys (pp. 119-139). Routledge. Metcalfe, B. D. (2011). Women, empowerment and development in Arab Gulf States: a critical appraisal of governance, culture and national human resource development (HRD) frameworks. Human Resource Development International, 14(2), 131-148. Miner-Rubino, K., and Cortina, L. M. (2004). Working in a context of hostility toward women: implications for employees' well-being. Journal of occupational health psychology, 9(2), 107. Mojab, S. (2001). Women and Nationalism in the Kurdish Republic of 1946.Women of a non-state nation: The Kurds, 71. Moore, S., and Diese, A. (2018). Women in Leadership. In Women and Leadership (pp. 111-115). Springer, Cham. Northouse, P. G. (2016). Leadership: theory and practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Omair, K. (2011). Women's managerial careers in the context of the United Arab Emirates. Jyväskylä studies in business and economics, (106). Paludi, M. A. (Ed.). (2008). The psychology of women at work: Challenges and solutions for our female workforce (Vol. 1). ABC-CLIO. Razvani, M., and Zanjanizadeh, H. (2015). A Study on Factors Affecting Division of Labor in Family (Case Study of Married Female Working for Ministry of Education in Mashhad), Quarterly Journal of Women's Studies Sociological and Psychological, 13 (4), 29-60 (Text in Persian). Reicher, S. D., Haslam, S. A., and Platow, M. J. (2018). Shared social identity in leadership. Current opinion in psychology, 23, 129-133. Richards, K. J. (2009). The role of affinity in New Netherland border disputes: a reevaluation of Dutch- English relation in New Netherland. University of Texas at Dallas.Unpublished Dissertation.PP.47-50. Riggio, R. E. (2010). Cutting-edge leadership . Retrieved from http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/cutting-edge-leadership/201003/why-womenmake-better-leaders-than men. Ross, M. L. (2001). Does oil hinder democracy?. World politics, 53(3), 325-361. Ross, M. L. (2008). Oil, Islam, and women. American political science review, 102(1), 107-123. Safiri, Khadijeh, Mansoirian Ravandi, Fatemeh. (2015). Gender Clichés and Social Health: a Study on Men and Women from Tehran. Quarterly Journal of Women's Studies Sociological and Psychological, 13 (2), 66-37 (Text in Persian). Salvaj, E., and Kuschel, K. (2020). Opening the “Black Box”: Factors Affecting Women’s Journey to Senior Management Positions—A Literature Review. In The New Ideal Worker (pp. 203-222). Springer, Cham Saneya El-Neshawy. (2014). Transforming relationships and co-creating new realities: landownership, gender and ICT in Egypt. In I. Buskens and A. Webb (Eds.).Women and ICT in Africa and the Middle East: Changing selves, changingsociety. United Kingdom: Zed Books Ltd Sandberg, S. (2013). with Nell Scovell. Lean In: Women, Work, and the Will to Lead. Simpson, W. G., Carter, D. A., and D’Souza, F. (2010). What do we know about women on boards? .Journal of Applied Finance, 20, 27–39. Sohrab, G. (2006). A Review of Women's Leadership Literature and the Differences of Men's and Leadership Styles, Fourth International Conference on Management, Tehran, Iran (Text in Persian). Solati, F.(2017), Women, work, and patriarchy in the Middle East and North Africa, Cham, Switzerland, Palgrave Macmillan. Steffens, N. K., Haslam, S. A., Peters, K., and Quiggin, J. (2018). Identity economics meets identity leadership: Exploring the consequences of elevated CEO pay. The Leadership Quarterly. Tönnies, F. (1955). Community and association:(Gemeinschaft und gesellschaft). Routledge & Paul.
Van Bruinessen, M. (2001). From Adela Khanum to Leyla Zana: women as political leaders in Kurdish history. Women of a Non-state Nation: The Kurd, 95-112.
Van der Ploeg, Frederick. (2011). Natural Resources: Curse or Blessing?. Journal of Economic Literature 49,366–420.
Van Dick, R., Lemoine, J. E., Steffens, N. K., Kerschreiter, R., Akfirat, S. A., Avanzi, L., ... & González, R. (2018). Identity leadership going global: Validation of the Identity Leadership Inventory across 20 countries. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 91(4), 697-728.
Wahab, B. A. (2014). Iraq and KRG Energy Policies: Actors, Challenges and Opportunities. The American University of Iraq, Sulaimani, Institute of Regional and International Studies.
Wenar, Leif. 2016. Blood Oil: Tyrants, Violence, and the Rules That Run the World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Yin, R. K. (2003). Case study research: Design and methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage.
Zaccaro, S. J., Kemp, C., and Bader, P. (2004). Leader traits and attributes. The nature of leadership, 101, 124.
Zarghamifard, M., Behboudi, M. (2014). The Glass Cliff Phenomenon: Women Experiences and Challenges in Leadership Position. Organizational Culture Management, 12(2), 191-211 (Text in Persian).
Zhong, Y. G., Couch, S., and Blum, S. C. (2011). Factors affecting women's career advancement in the hospitality industry: Perceptions of students, educators and industry recruiters. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education, 23(4), 5-13.
| ||
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 665 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 349 |