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بررسی جایگاه اتوماتیسم در آثار چند هنرمند معاصر غرب و تاثیرات آن در نقاشی ترکیه | ||
| مبانی نظری هنرهای تجسمی | ||
| مقاله 2، دوره 3، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 5، شهریور 1397، صفحه 21-32 اصل مقاله (675.84 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22051/jtpva.2018.3932 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| جمشید حاتم* 1؛ نازنین داوری2 | ||
| 1هیات علمی گروه عکاسی دانشکده هنر تهران مرکز دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی | ||
| 2مدرس گروه عکاسی دانشکده هنر دانشگاه ازاد اسلامی تهران مرکزی | ||
| چکیده | ||
| شرایط اجتماعی، سیاسی و اقتصادی قرن بیستم، سبب ساز ظهور ذهنیت هنرمند، بازگشت به فردگانی، و تلاش برای یک‌پارچه سازی ضمیرخودآگاه و ناخودآگاه وی شده است. ایده اُتوماتیسم، که در واقع، یکی از ریشه‌های مؤثر در شکل‌گیری سبک‌های هنری مهم قرن بیستم، دادائیسم، سوررئالیسم، اکسپرسیونیسم انتزاعی محسوب می‌شود، باکارکردهای متفاوت برای هر هنرمند به اَشکال مختلفی به اجرا درآمده است. بدین سان، منشأ درونی و علل بروز اعمال و کنش‌های خاصِ نقاش و شناخت چگونگی راه‌های استفاده از ناخودآگاه به واسطه ایده اُتوماتیسم، در خلق اثر هنری ایشان بررسی شده است. در این پژوهش، هدف نویسندگان بر این بوده است که، با معرفی تعدادی از هنرمندان غربی معاصر و نقاشان ترک، جایگاه ایده اُتوماتیسم در ذهنیت آنان و بازتاب آن را در آثارشان مورد بررسی قرار دهد و در صدد پاسخ به این پرسش‌ها باشد: ایده اتوماتیسم در آفرینش اثر هنری به چه معناست؟ این ایده، بین هنرمندان غربی و ترک، در کدامین شاخه‌های هنر مورد استفاده قرار گرفته است؟ در جمع بندی نتایج این پژوهــش، می‌توان گفت، معنای اتوماتیسم در هنر این هنرمندان، اعتماد به اثرات غیر منتظره در روند شکل‌گیری اثر هنری آن‌ها می‌باشد. برای بعضی از آنان، به‌سان جنبش‌های غریزی و مکانیزم، و برای گروهی دیگر، در رویاهای خیالی آن‌ها به وقوع پیوسته است. اساس رویکرد پژوهشی این مقاله، به صورت توصیفی- تحلیلی است و به روش کتابخانه‌ای، با مراجعه به آثار نقاشی و منابع مکتوب، انجام پذیرفته است. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| ایده اتوماتیسم؛ هنرمندان معاصر غرب؛ ضمیر ناخودآگاه؛ نقاشان ترکیه | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| The Position of Automatism in the Masterpieces of Some Western Contemporary Artists & Its Impact on Painting in Turkey | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Jamshid Hatam1؛ Nazanin Davari2 | ||
| 1Photography lecturer of Azad Art university | ||
| 2Photography lecturer azad art university | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| The social, political and economic situations in the 20th century, specially post-world war I & II, have led to the emergence of artist’s subjectivity and consequently, moving towards reconstruction with the aims of modernization, return to individualization and unification of his consciousness and unconsciousness. Automatism or ‘being automated in Art’ is applied to the unconsciousness behaviors and involuntary movements which develop through the artist’s production path. It is a method of creation through which the artist endeavors to prevent any kind of logical and control of his conscious mind over the movement of his hands and permit his semi- consciousness mind, lead the way to his artistic performance. The unconsciousness is the reality of our inner side and it is the unconsciousness which transforms the reality of the world outside. The human reality rests somewhere in the mind called ‘the unconsciousness’. At times, the artists create works of art relying upon the power of the unconsciousness mind, which is called ‘Automatism’. The idea of Automatism, which is in fact considered as one of the influential factors in the development of some important art movements of the 20th century such as Dadaism, Surrealism, and Abstract Expressionism, has been applied in different manners by different artists. This study bears an attempt to investigate the inner sources and the reasons for the particular behaviors and practices of artists as well as the different methods of applying the unconsciousness through Automatism in creating masterpieces. The survey indicates that Automatism have been employed in a different manner in each of the masterpieces presented. Here it is argued that for the artist, Automatism means trusting the unexpected events occurring while creating his works of art. At the same time, it means deciding upon the relation of the image to the existing order for creating a specific artwork where the element of ‘chance’ is also plays a part. Creation through the medium of Automatism is in fact an interpretation of the unconsciousness territory of the artist’s mind since the beginning of his life so far portrayed mystically and symbolically in the form of images or words. The aim of the present research is to explore the position of Automatism and its reflections in the artworks of Western and Turkish artists. Furthermore, the paper seeks to answer thse questions that as 1) What does the idea of automation in the creation of artwork mean? and 2) in which field of art the Western and Turkish artists has used the idea of automation? The study comes to this conclusion that in the works of the artists surveyed, automation means trusting the unexpected events occurring during the process of creating their works. Thus it falls out for some artists as the intrinsic heart beats and as dreams for others. Due to the eternal recording of the inner voices of these artists in their unconscious memories, one has to heed to these inner voices while the take note of the harmony formed between their hands and their souls. We will show that every single western artist mentioned in this research has created a unique movement in the fields of designing, painting, photography and sculpturing under influence of Automatism while those Turkish artists who have been studied in this paper have presented their Automatism through their artworks in the field of design and painting. The Automatism in the Turkish artists` paintings has led to spontaneous thoughts containing dreams and unconscious imaginations (Islamic handwriting) which had long been suppressed However, creation through Automatism in the artworks of western artists is manifested in the shape of abstract forms, gigantesque brush strokes, convoluted lines or a canvas full of letters. This research has been conducted through descriptive-analytical approach using library materials as well as consulting the works of painting. The main body of the present study is the translation of English and Turkish texts and, according to the necessity of research, the aspect of neutrality has been preserved. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Automatism Idea, West Contemporary Artists, Unconsciousness, Turkish Painters | ||
| مراجع | ||
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- آقاخانی، سیروس(1384). مفهوم ناخودآگاه در نقاشی قرن بیستم، دانشگاه هنر. - تهرانی نژاد، شهاب الدین(۱۳۸۵(. نقش ضمیر ناخودآگاه در نقاشی قرن بیستم(بررسی آراء فروید و یونگ)، دانشکده هنر و معماری دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران مرکز. - زیگموند، فروید(۱۳۸۲) .«ضمیر ناخودآگاه»، ترجمه شهریار وقفی پور، ارغنون، شماره ۲۱، ۱۳۳-۱۵۲. Jung, C., G. (1991). Psyche and Symbol. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Rose, B. (1967) L’Art Americain Depuis 1900. New York: Editions Françaises. Saraç, T. (2009). Turkish Dictionary, English Dictionary. Istanbul: Can Publishing. Schapiro, M. (2007). The Liberating Quality of Avant-Garde Art. Retrieved 19.01.2015 from http://www.artnews.com/2007/11/01/top-ten-artnews-stories-a-modernist-manifesto/ Sembol, E. (2011). Structural Connections of Automatism. (Unpublished Master Thesis). Kayseri: Erciyes University Fine Arts Institute. Spare A., O. (April 1916). Automatic Drawing. Form Magazine, 1 (1), Retrieved 09/10/2013 from http://hermetic.com/spare/auto_drawing.html Spare. Tehrani Nezhad, Sh. (2006). Unconscious Implication in the Painting of the Twentieth Century (Review of Freud and Jung's Opinions), Art Research Course (M.A. Thesis). Tehran Azad University. Vinouse,. Marie. http://www.marie-vinouse-tableaux-abstraits-designs.com). (http://www.artnews.com/2007/11/01/top-ten-artnews-stories-a-modernist.(2012.04.23) (www.willem-de-kooning.com).(2015.05.15). (www.artnet.com/artists/byron-browne). (2016.10.12). (www.theartstory.org/artist-leger-fernand.htm). (2018.02.25). (www. Cantonale d’Arte.com). (2017.02.21). (www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/). (2017.03.29). (www.moma.org/collection/works/35670). (2017.01.04). (www.yveskleinarchives.org/). (2018.04.21). (www.ouest-france.fr). (2018.02.07). (http://www.cultureplus.be/Kikie%20CREVECOEUR.htm). (2016.08.09)(http://www.paris-art.com/createur/dan-barichasse/11480.html). (2017.11.16). (http://lebriz.com/pages/gallery.aspx). (2016.06.09). (dergipark.ulakbim.gov.tr). (2017.07.07). (www.turkishculture.org). (2016.08.01) (http://www.devrimerbil.com). (2018.05.08).
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