Related Links
News
Statistics
| Number of Journals | 25 |
| Number of Issues | 918 |
| Number of Articles | 7,565 |
| Article View | 12,275,710 |
| PDF Download | 8,681,655 |
Investigating and Analyzing the Geographical Dispersion of Esterqāq in the Conquests of Amīr Taimūr Gūrkānī | ||
| تاریخ اسلام و ایران | ||
| Article 4, Volume 28, Issue 40 - Serial Number 130, February 2019, Pages 81-103 PDF (1005.73 K) | ||
| Document Type: Scientific-Research | ||
| DOI: 10.22051/hii.2019.16538.1431 | ||
| Authors | ||
| Narges Alipour* 1; Nozhat Ahmadi2 | ||
| 1PhD Candidate in History of Islamic Iran, Alzahra University | ||
| 2Associate Professor, Department of History, University of Isfahan | ||
| Abstract | ||
| During the 36 years of the reign (1370-1405), Taimūr Gūrkānī carried out numerous campaigns across the Transoxiana and a significant portion of the Middle East and Anatolia to conquer. The use of the concept of war against the infidels, which came in the Qur'an and sources of jurisprudence under the name of Jehād, left his hand in the grip of the slave, or legitimized it. The present study, based on the geographic area of the Taimūr’s wars was under the name of Jehād or Ghazweh, is about to search and identify the areas where their populations were enslaved by Taimūr’s troops. Therefore, it has been attempted to use a descriptive-analytic method based on the main sources to investigate the geographic dispersion or, in other words, the local analysis of slavery in the Taimur Gurkani conquests and analyze and criticize its motivations and characteristics. The results of this study show that during the Taimūr Gūrkānī attacks, the largest number of slavery or Esterqāq, was found in areas such as the Caucasus, India, the Ghebchagh plains and Jeté Ulus that was often also under the pretext of fighting with infidelity , bad religion , defending Islam and expanding it in the above areas; and in fact in order to obtain human resources and sell them in the slave trade markets or urdu bāzār, or to receive a ransom for their release from their parents and relatives. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| Geographical dispersion; Amīr Taimūr Gūrkānī; Esterqāq; Slave | ||
| References | ||
|
Abū Yaʻlī, M.Ḥ.F.Ḥ. 2000. al-Aḥkām al-Sulṭānīyih. M.Ḥ. Al-faḳī. (Editor). Dār al-Kitāb ʻIlmīyih, Beirut. (In Arabic) (Book) Al-Ṭabāṭabāī al-Yazdī, A.M.K. (n.d). Al-Ghāyah al-Ḳuṣwā fī Tardjumah al-ʻUrwati al-Wuthḳā. Ḥ.Sh. Ṣarāfān. (Translator). Bungāhi Tardjumih wa Nashri Kitāb, Tehran. (In Persian) (Book) Al-Ṭarṭūsī, N.I.ʻA. 1992. Tuḥfat al-Turk fīmā Yadjib an Yaʻmal fī al-Mulk. 1st (Ed). Beirut. (In Arabic) (Book) Amīr Aḥmdīyān, B. 2003. Djughrāfīyāyi Kāmili Ḳafḳāz. 1st (Ed). The Organization of the Armed Forces, Tehran. (In Persian) (Book) ʻAmīd, Ḥ. 2011. Farhangi Farsīyi ʻAmīd. 1st (Ed). F. Ḳurbān Zādih. (Editor). Ashdjaʻ, Tehran. (In Persian) (Book) (Anonymous). (n.d). Muʻiz al-Ansāb fī Shadjarati al-Ansāb. P: 67. National Library of Paris. No. F.847, Tehran University. (Manuscript) Chardin, J.B. 1994. 1ST (Ed). 5 Volumes. I. Yaghmāī. (Translator). Tūs, Tehran. (In Persian) (Book) De Clavijo, R.G. 2004. Safar Nāmiyih Clavijo. 5th (Ed). 1 Volume. ʻIlmī wa Farhangī, Tehran. (In Persian) (Book) Djaʻfarīyān, R. 2012. Āgāhīhāyi Tāzih Darbāriyih Ghulāmān wa Kanīzān dar Dūriyi Ṣafawīyih; Bar Payiyih Kitābi ‘Ādāb al-Sunīyih’. Payāmi Bahāristān 4(14). (In Persian with English Abstract) (Journal) Djuwiynī, ʻA.M.M. 2005. Tārīkhi Djahāngushāyi Djuwiynī. 4th (Ed). 2Volumes. M. Ḳazwīnī. (Editor). Dunyāyi Kitāb, Tehran. (In Persian) (Book) Dūghlāt, M.M.Ḥ. 2003. Tārīkhi Rashīdī. ʻA.Ḳ. Ghafārī Fard. (Editor). Mīrāthi Maktūb, Tehran. (In Persian) (Book) Fayāḍ Anūsh, A. 2010. Amīr Tiymūr wa Masʼaliyih Djaghtāy; Takāpūyi Mashrūʻīyat wa Amnīyati Niẓāmī. Pazhūhishhāyi Tārīkhī, 45(2). (Journal) Fuma Metsuby, V. 1978. Armanistān dar Zamāni Tiymūri Lang. 1st (Ed). Ḥ. Ṣidīḳ. (Translator). Saʻdī, Tabriz. (In Persian) (Book) Ḥāfiẓ Abrū, ʻA.L. 1997. Djughrāfīyāyi Ḥāfiẓ Abrū. 1st (Ed). 3 Volumes. Mīrāthi Maktūb, Tehran. (In Persian) (Book) Ḥusiynī Munshī, M.M.M. 2004. Rīyāḍ al-Firdūs Khānī. I. Afshār. (Editor). Firishtih, Tehran. (In Persian) (Book) IbnʻArabshāh, A.M. 2008. Zindigīyi Shigift Āwari Tiymūr. M.ʻA. Nidjātī. (Translator). ʻIlmī wa Farhangī, Tehran. (In Persian) (Book) Ibn Athīr Jazrī. 1993. Tārīkhi Kāmili Buzurgi Īslām wa Īrān. Vol.32. ʻA. Khalīlī. & A. Ḥālit. (Translators). ʻIlmī, Tehran. (In Persian) (Book) Ibn Baṭūṭih. 1998. Safar Nāmih Ibn Baṭūṭih. Vol.2. M.ʻA. Muwaḥid. (Translator). Agāh, Tehran. (In Persian) (Book) Ibn Faḍlullāh ʻUmrī, A.Y. 2003. Masālik al-Abṣār fī Mamālik al-Amṣār.1st (Ed). Vol.3. al-Madjmaʻ. Al-Thaḳāfī, Abu Dhabi. (In Arabic) (Book) Johann S. (n.d). The Bondage and Travels Johann Schiltberger, a Native Bavaria in Europe, Asia and Africa (1396-1427). J. Buchan Telfer. (Translator). Hakluyt society, London. (In English) (Book) Ḳāḍī Aḥmad Tatūy, Ā.Kh.Ḳ. 2003. Tārīkhi al-Fiy. 1st (Ed). 8 Volumes. ʻIlmī wa Farhangī, Tehran. (In Persian) (Book) Khāfī, A.M. 2008. Mudjmali Faṣīḥī. S.M. Nādjī Naṣr Ābādī. (Introduction &Edition). Asāthīr, Tehran. (In Persian) (Book) Khāndmīr, Gh.H. 2002. Tārīkhi Ḥabīb al-Sīyar. 4th (Ed). Vol. 4. Khayām, Tehran. (In Persian) (Book) Marʻashī, S.Ẓ.S.N. 1967. Tārīkhi Ṭabaristān wa Rūyān wa Māzandarān. Sharḳ, Tehran. (In Persian) (Book) Minorsky, V.F. 1998. Tārīkhi Shirwān wa Darband. 1st (Ed). M. Khādim. (Translator). S. Muʻtamidī. (Editor). The Center for Great Islamic Encyclopedia (CGIE), Tehran. (In Persian) (Book) Naṭanzī, M.A. 2005. Muntakhab al-Tawārīkhi Muʻīnī. P. Istakhrī. (Editor). Asāthīr, Tehran. (In Persian) (Book) (n.n). 2005. Al-Muʻdjam al-Fiḳh li Kutub al-Shikh al-Ṭūsī. 1st (Ed). (n.p). (Encyclopedia) Ṣarrāmī, S. S. ʻIdālat Nizhād. 2015. The Entry ‘Djahād’. Vol.11. Encyclopedia of the World of Islam. (Encyclopedia) Samarḳandī, A.D.ʻA.B. 2004. Tadhkirah al-Shuʻarā. 1st (Ed).E. Browne. (Editor). Asāthīr, Tehran. (In Persian) (Book) Samarḳandī, K.ʻA. 2005. Maṭlaʻi Saʻdiyn wa Madjmaʻi Baḥriyn. 4 Volumes. ʻA. Nawaī. (Editor). Pazhūhishgāhi ʻUlūmi Insānī wa Muṭāliʻāti Farhangī, Tehran. (In Persian) (Book) Shāmī, N. 1985. Ẓafar Nāmih (Tārīkhi Futūḥāti Amīr Tiymūri Gūrkānī). 1st (Ed). Panāhī Simnānī. (Editor). Bāmdād, Tehran. (In Persian) (Book) Shudjāʻi Shīrāzī. 1976. ʼAnīs al-Nās. I. Afshār. (Editor). Bunyādi Mūḳūfāti Maḥmūd Afshār, Tehran. (In Persian) (Book) (Symposium). 1984 - 2006. al-Mūsūʻah al-Fiḳhīyah al-Kuwiytīyah. 45 Volumes. Ministry of Endowment and Islamic Affairs, Kuwait. (In Arabic) (Book) Tizūkāt Tiymūrī. 1964. Taḥrīri Abū Ṭālib Ḥusiynīyi Turbatī. Asadī, Tehran. (In Persian) (Book) Yazdī, Sh.ʻA. 2009. Żafar Nāmih. 1st (Ed). S.S. Mīr Muḥammad Ṣādiḳ. & ʻA.Ḥ. Nawāī. (Editors). Library, Museum and Document Center of Islamic Consultative Assembly, Tehran. (In Persian) (Book) Yazdī, Gh.ʻA. 2001. Saʻādat Nāmih yā Rūznāmihyi Ghazawāti Hindūstān dar Sālhāyi 800-801 A.H. 1st (Ed). I. Afshār. (Editor). Mīrāthi Maktūb, Tehran. (In Persian) (Book) | ||
|
Statistics Article View: 632 PDF Download: 559 |
||