Related Links
News
Statistics
| Number of Journals | 25 |
| Number of Issues | 918 |
| Number of Articles | 7,565 |
| Article View | 12,275,710 |
| PDF Download | 8,681,655 |
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LINGUISTIC UNITS ‘ADVERB’ IN ARABIC AND IN PERSIAN AND ENGLISH | ||
| زبان پژوهی | ||
| Article 4, Volume 11, Issue 32, December 2019, Pages 77-101 PDF (675.63 K) | ||
| Document Type: Research | ||
| DOI: 10.22051/jlr.2018.16729.1395 | ||
| Authors | ||
| Mohammad Shokri* 1; Ali Nazari2; Sayyed Mahmoud Mirzaei al-Hosaini3 | ||
| 1Department of Arabic language and literature of Lorestan University | ||
| 2Full professor of Arabic Literature in The Lorestan University | ||
| 3Associate professor of Arabic Literature in The University of Lorestan | ||
| Abstract | ||
| This article is based on a doctoral dissertation and compares syntactic characteristics of linguistic units that modify verb (adverbial) as well as adjective in Arabic on one hand and adverbial in Persian and English languages on the other. This comparison first tries to see if it is ever possible to find in Arabic what other languages regard as adverb; and then, seeks to develop an equivalent balance between Arabic on one hand and Persian and English on the other hand in terms of adverbial affinities and disparities between these languages that might be used to shed more light on Arabic adverbial rules. In theory, we must first let go of traditional grammar which is mostly based on final word declension (suffix vocal inflection) and consider words as the basic linguistic unit. Instead, we should focus on syntactic function or parts of speech. Second, this study distinguishes the lexical category “adverb” and syntactical function “adverb” in order to demonstrate what constructs can qualify as the latter. The scope of the study includes grammar and particularly adverb and adverbial constructs without dwelling upon other areas of this science. Research population is also modern Arabic; therefore, does not include traditional usage or the dialects and colloquial Arabic. In addition, the Persian and Arabic items are derived from contemporary sources. This article employs some useful tools from structural linguistics, namely, transformational-generative grammar (TGG) and applies syntactic analytical concepts like adjunction, substitution and movement. In this manner, an adverbial from English and Persian is presented along with examples; and we try to find if that form exists in Arabic. It was found that Persian, English and Arabic languages all contain constructs, other than category adverb, such as “prepositional phrase,” “noun phrase,” “adjective phrase” and “adverbial clause” which function as adverb. These constructs are as follow: 1- Lexical adverb: It is made of a word belonging to adverb category and appears in adverb function. Such as “never” in English example (1), “هرگز” in Persian (2), and “أبداً” in the Arabic example (3). (1) I’ll never forget you. (2) هرگز تو را فراموش نخواهم کرد. (3) لَن أنساکَ أبَداً. 2- Adjectival phrase: A word that belongs to adjective category, with its modifiers, and may appear in adverb function. Such as “very well” in English example (4), “بسیار خوب” in Persian (5) and “جیداً جدّاً” in Arabic (6). (4) She plays the piano very well. (5) او بسیار خوب پیانو می‌نوازد. (6) هیَ تَعزِفُ البیانو جَیّداً جِدّاً. 3- Noun phrase as adverb: Sometimes, a noun head or a noun phrase can take on adverb role. For example, “last year” in (7), “سال گذشته” in Persian (8) and “السّنة الماضیة” in the Arabic (9). (7) I saw him last year. (8) سال گذشته او را دیدم. (9) السنة الماضیة التَقَیتُ بِهِ. In fact, this kind of adverb structure has a preposition in the deep structure which is reduced in the surface structure. 4- Prepositional phrase as adverb: A structure made of “preposition + noun phrase” can also take on adverb role in any of these three languages, such as “in a load angry voice” in the English example (10), “با صدای خشم‌آگین بلندی” in the Persian (11), and “بصَوتِ عالٍ غاضِبٍ” in the Arabic example (12). (10)My mother called me in a load angry voice. (11)مادرم مرا با صدای خشم‌آگین بلندی صدا زد. (12)نادَتنی أُمّی بصَوتِ عالٍ غاضِبٍ. 5- Adverbial clause: It is a structure made of “adverbial particle + sentence” that can make an adverbial clause and take on adverb role in any of these three languages, such as “when I arrived” in English example (13), “وقتی که من رسیدم” in the Persian (14), and also “حینَ وَصَلتُ” in the Arabic one (15). (13)When I arrived, she was waiting for me. (14)وقتی که من رسیدم، او منتظر من بود. (15)حینَ وَصَلتُ ، کانت بانتظاری. 6- Adverbial phrase: This construct was found only in Arabic while neither Persian nor English has a similar category. The core of this construct is made of lexical items such as “[1]بَعدَ, [2]قَبلَ, [3]حینَ,[4]اثناءَ, قُبالَةَ[5]…” that, despite being nouns, function as preposition and appear before noun phrases to make new phrase which we call “adverbial phrase.” Look at examples (16) to (18): (16)بَعدَ وُصولی، بَدَأت المُحاضَرَة.[6] (17)[7]غرقت السَّفینة قُبالَةَ السواحل المِصریة (18)[8]اربط حزامَ المَقعَدِ أثناءَ الجُلوسِ Finally, several results are obtained from this research and the most important ones are: Those constructs which are regarded as adverb are also available in Arabic. However, they are known by different names. By virtue of substitutional transformation [1] After [2] In front of [3] When [4] During [5] Off, outside [6] After I arrived, I began the discussion. [7] The ship sank off the coast of Egypt. [8] Fasten seat belt while seated. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| Adverb(s); Prepositional phrase; Adverbial clause; Structural grammar; Adverb particle | ||
|
Supplementary Files
|
||
| References | ||
|
References Azarnoosh, A. (1988). Adverb in Arabic grammar. Articles and reviews, 45 & 46, 107-134. [In Persian]. Azarnoosh, A. (2014). A modern Arabic-Persian dictionary based on Hans Wehr’s dictionary of modern written Arabic (16th ed.). Tehran: Ney Publication [In Arabic-Persian]. Azarnoosh, A. (2016). Arabic language learning (14nd ed., Vol. 1). Tehran: Academic Publishing Center [In Persian]. Bateni, M. R. (2008). Grammatical structure of Persian language. Tehran: Amir Kabir Publication [In Persian]. Darzi, A. (2010). Syntactic argumentation (2nd ed.). Tehran: SAMT Publication [In Persian]. Esmaili Taheri, E. (2016). Two formats of “adverb” in Arabic: a commentary on “Adverb” by Dr. Azarnoush. Scientific Research Journal of Language Related, 33, 1-18 [In Persian]. Farāhidi, A. I. A. (2007). The Prepositions and the functions. Muscat: Al-Shar Ghiyah Press [In Arabic]. Fassi Fehri, A. Q. (1998). Symmetry and asymmetry in Arabic. Casablanca: Dar Toubaghal Publication [In Arabic]. Ghaemi, M., & Saedanvar, F. (2015). A study of co-ordination in the Joz’ (part) 30 of Holy Qur’an. Journal of Koranic Studies in Literature, 2(1), 65-91 [In Persian]. Ghalayeini, M. (2004). Complete guide to Arabic. Beirut: Dar Al-Kukh Publication [In Arabic]. Gholamalizadeh, Kh. (2007). Structure of Persian language. Tehran: Book. Revival Publication [In Persian]. Hajizadeh, M. (2009). Arabic grammar and linguistics. Tehran: Jihad University Publication [In Persian]. Ibn Aqil, A. (2009). Explanation of Ibn’Aqil Al Alfiyyah al-Imam ibn Malik. Beirut: Dar Al-fikr Publication [In Arabic]. Ibn Hisham, J. (1964). Al-Mughni al-Labib form the book of the inflections. Damascus: Dar Al-Fikr Publication [In Arabic]. Jabboury, A., Lorence K., & Sinno Mehio, H. (2000). Al-Mufid translation textbook. (Gh. E. Ghosn Trans.). Beirut: Dar El-Elm Lilmalayin Publication [In Arabic-English]. Mirzaei al-Hosaini, S. M. (2010). Lessons in comparative translation (1): Persian adverbs and its equivalence in Arabic. Qom: Green Dawn Publication [In Arabic]. Mishkātoddini, M. (2010). Persian grammar based on transformation theory. (2nd ed.). Mashhad: Ferdowsi University Press [In Persian]. Mostafa, I. (1992). Resurrecting Arabic grammar (2nd ed.). Cairo: N. p. [In Arabic]. Okkashah, O. Y. (2011). Absent syntax. (A. Tahmasebi & J. Asghari. Trans.). Tehran: Tehran University Press [In Persian]. Rajihi, A. (1998). Grammatical application. Alexandria, Egypt: Dar al-Ma’rifah Society Publication [In Arabic]. Shokri, M., & Mirzaei al-Hosaini S. M. (2017). A Study of compound adjectives in Arabic Language. 2nd International Conference of Oriental/ Iranian Studies. March 2017, Aligarh Islamic University, Aligarh, India. [Online]: < http://www.adabiatfarsi.com/2th/default.aspx?lang=1> [In Persian]. Tabibzadeh, O. (2014). Persian grammar a theory of Autonomous phrases based on Dependency grammar. Tehran: Markaz Publication [In Persian]. Zamakhshari, A. M. (1993). Detailed guide to grammar. Beirut: Al-Hilal School Publications [In Arabic]. Zandi Moghaddam, Z. (2009). The formal and semantic review of the constraint in Persian language, with an emphasis on its formal features. Grammar Journal of the Iranian Academy of Persian Language and Literature, 5, 104- 127. [In Persian] Zarkoub, M., Johannaee, M., & Raisey, L. (2014). Study of learners’ errors in translating adverbial “that” into Arabic. Zabānpazhouhi, 5(901), 87-118 [In Persian]. Zohairy, N. (2008). A dictionary of function words in Arabic. Beirut: Lebanon School Publication [In Arabic-English] | ||
|
Statistics Article View: 998 PDF Download: 377 |
||
