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چالش‌های روش‌شناختی در تعریف زیبایی‌شناختیِ زشتی | ||
| مبانی نظری هنرهای تجسمی | ||
| مقاله 5، دوره 10، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 19، خرداد 1404، صفحه 70-85 اصل مقاله (869.68 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22051/jtpva.2024.45524.1556 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| بیتا بهرامی قصر* 1؛ فهیمه زارع زاده2؛ محمد افروغ3؛ فاطمه خورشید وند4 | ||
| 1استادیار و عضو هیئت علمی دانشکده هنر، گروه آموزشی ارتباط تصویری، دانشگاه اراک، ایران | ||
| 2استادیار، عضو هیئت علمی گروه آموزشی هنر اسلامی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران | ||
| 3دانشیار، عضو هیئت علمی گروه آموزشی فرش، دانشگاه اراک، ایران | ||
| 4کارشناس ارشد ارتباط تصویری، دانشکده هنر دانشگاه سوره | ||
| چکیده | ||
| در تاریخ هنر و به‌ویژه دوره‌های متأخر آن، انبوهی از آثار هنری پدید آمده‌اند که موضوع و محتوا یا مواد و مصالح و قالب اجرا و پرداختشان از نوع و به گونه‌ای بوده‌است که در فاهمۀ متعارف و سنت‌های زیبایی‌شناختی پیشینشان، زشت انگاشته می‌شده‌اند. فارغ از اینکه استفاده از زشتی‌ها در این آثار با چه نیت‌ها و کارکردهایی صورت گرفته، نفس اختلاف‌نظر در تعریف زشتی و چیستی آن، دست‌کم در تولید شماری از آنها، نقش داشته‌است؛ به این معنا که بسیاری از تولیدکنندگان این فرآورده‌ها و مخاطبان پذیرنده‌شان، با تشکیک در تعاریف مرسوم و کلیشه‌ای از زشتی، عناصر زشت‌انگاشته‌شدۀ چنین ابداعاتی را زشت نمی‌یافته‌اند. اینکه زمینه‌های تلقی‌های رایج از زشتی‌ها چگونه به بروز آثار یادشده منجر شده، موضوع پژوهش حاضر بوده‌است. با این هدف، کوشش شده پس از شرحی از پیشینۀ مهم‌ترین نگرش‌ها به زشتی‌ها در تاریخ زیبایی‌شناسی غربی، شماری از عمده‌نتایج و دلالات حاصل از این برداشت‌ها معناشناسی شوند و بر اساسشان، امهات رویکردها در تعریف زشتی مقوله‌بندی گردند. دشواری‌ها و چالش‌هایی روش‌شناختی که بنا بر مقوله‌بندی تعاریف شناسایی و تشریح شده‌اند شامل مسائلی چون ابتنای تعریف زشتی بر زیبایی، سیّالیت و تشکیک مفهوم زشتی و متعاقباً گستردگی و تکثر مصادیقش، و نسبیت مکانی و زمانی و شخصی‌اش بوده‌اند. نتیجه‌گیری شده هر تعریف کارکردی یا جهان‌شمولی از زشتی و نیز هر نقد و قضاوتی از آثار حاوی آن، چنانچه این مسائل را لحاظ نکنند، به لحاظ روش‌شناختی ناقص خواهند بود. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| زشت‌وزیبا؛ تعریف زشتی؛ زیبایی‌شناسی زشتی؛ روش‌شناسی هنر؛ تاریخ زیبایی‌شناسی | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Aesthetics of Ugliness: Methodological Challenges in the Definition of Ugliness | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| bita bahramighasr1؛ Fahimeh Zarezade2؛ mohammad afrough3؛ fatemeh khorshidvand4 | ||
| 1Assistant of graphic Department of art Arak University, Iran | ||
| 2Assistant Professor of Tarbiat Modares in Tehran | ||
| 3Associate Professor of Arak University Carpet Department | ||
| 4Master of Graphic Design | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| In the history of art and especially in its later periods, there have been a lot of works of art whose subject and content or materials and materials and form of execution and payment were of a type and in such a way that they were considered ugly in the conventional understanding and aesthetic traditions of the past. Many of the producers of these products and their receptive audiences, by challenging the conventional and stereotyped definitions of ugliness, have not found the considered ugly elements of such innovations to be ugly. The multitude of functions that ugly artistic or moral phenomena may have in the sensory or emotional arousal of the audience or, for example, the many political uses of the capacities of such phenomena in the demarcation of concepts and ideologies, have led to the frequent occurrence of ugliness in works of art and correspondingly or subsequently, to the redefinition of ugliness and Its philosophical and aesthetic features have led. How the contexts of common perceptions of ugliness led to the emergence of the mentioned works and how the epistemological developments regarding the definitions of beauty and ugliness allowed for the production and acceptance of these works was the subject of the present research. Among the most important issues that new studies in the methodology of ugliness aesthetics have paid attention to and had many practical consequences in the history of art, the theoretical dependence of ugliness on beauty has been in the area of definition; Explaining that in most of the traditional definitions, originality is placed on beauty and ugliness is read only as a subsidiary and function of beauty, its opposite aspect. In the modern era, some people have defined art as eliminating and removing ugliness from phenomena and considered beauty to be an essential element of every work of art. In this combination of "beauty and art", ugliness is not only considered a part of art and is placed outside of it, which is also considered its opposite. Other associations in traditional thinking have been the correspondences of "beauty and goodness", "beauty and truth" or "beauty and nature". For example, according to the rule of benevolence of nature, natural ugliness was either completely ignored or, if this rule was deviated from, according to another rule, i.e. art's imitation of nature, any natural ugliness was also considered ugly in art. There have been many other praised concepts that are linked to the concept of beauty in a lexical network. Usually, beauty is related to the pleasant qualities and characteristics of the senses or good traits and moral virtues, and vice versa, ugliness is related to the unpleasant and vice characteristics. For example, in the old pseudo-scientific physiognomy and physiognomy, sometimes, without distinguishing between external and moral ugliness, bodily defects were considered to be related to deficiencies and moral disorder. Some ancient Greeks also believed that a beautiful soul resides in a beautiful body, and on the other hand, ugly and defective bodies and faces were considered to indicate spiritual vices. It is clear how much such beliefs may have had an effect on the face painting and drawing of people's appearance or, for example, sculpting. In the new era, these traditional and taken-for-granted presuppositions were revalidated; For example, there was serious doubt that art should only deal with beautiful phenomena and reflect and imitate them. Based on this, art was considered to have a wide range of components and facilities, of which beauty was only one of them. In more extreme criticisms of traditional definitions, as some contemporary schools and theories or postmodernist views believed, it was said that truths and goodness can be transmitted and presented in the form of ugly art while maintaining their true and good nature. In such a view, a work may be artistically great, and at the same time, ugly. Philosophers of art and new thinkers also challenged the set of concepts and attributes that were presented in the traditional definitions for distinguishing beauty and ugliness; For example, they emphasized the vagueness and relativity of characteristics such as "proportion", "balance", or "symmetry", which traditionally and earlier were considered necessary for the beauty and pleasantness of the work and their absence as a reason for its ugliness, and they emphasized the incorrectness or impossibility of the work. Determining the geometric and algebraic values and ratios of these criteria paid attention. Among other things, they admitted that generally, in opinions that try to determine mathematical and scientific criteria for ugliness and beauty, intercultural and class differences and relativities are neglected. In the new aesthetic discourse, it was asked if it is not possible for an object or thing to be both proportional and symmetrical and not, or not to be proportional and symmetrical and neither disproportionate and asymmetrical? The same doubts about the definition and traditional interpretation of ugliness and anti-beauty were also raised and it was said that a single phenomenon may simultaneously contain beauty and ugliness with different functions. The other thing is that it was acknowledged that the things and phenomena that are called ugly or beautiful are so wide and numerous that it is very difficult to determine the commonality or commonalities in them that can be considered as the main component of their definition. . References In addition to the Bible: Adorno, Theodor (1386), "On Ugliness, Beauty and Technique", translated by Azin Hosseinzadeh, Aesthetics, No. 17, pp. 47-50. Tashari, Fatemeh (first half of 2011), "ugliness and beauty in contemporary works of art based on Arthur Danto's opinions", Aesthetics, No. 24, pp. 101-114. Hosseini Beheshti, Mohammad Reza, Arslan Aghakhani and Shams-ul-Maluk Mostafavi (April 1401), "The possibility of questioning the ugly in the horizon of Kant's aesthetics", Hikmat and Philosophy, No. 69, Volume 18, pp. 2-25. Ebadian, Mahmoud (1386), "About ugliness in art", Aesthetics, No. 16, pp. 11-15. Karmi, Mohsen (autumn and winter 1401), "Introduction to the aesthetics of ugliness, an inquiry into what ugliness is and its functions in the world of art", Philosophical Journal of Cognition, No. 1/87, pp. 207-185. Moore, Ronald (Spring 2016), "Ugliness", translated by Moshit Alaei, Aesthetics, No. 16, pp. 27-36. Miulder Eaton, Marsha (2008), "Beauty and ugliness, inside and outside the text", translated by Rafiq Nosrati, Information of Wisdom and Knowledge, No. 46, pp. 41-47. Bachmetjevas, Victoras (2007), »The ugly in art«, Zmogus ir Zodis: man and word, IV, p. 29-34. Bayley, Stephen (2013), Ugly; the aesthetics of everything, New York: The overlook press, Peter Mayer publishers. Eco, Umberto (2007), On ugliness, tr. to English by Alastair McEwen, New York-Paris-London: Rizzoli International Publication. Lee, Vernon and Clementina Anstruther-Thomson (1912), Beauty & ugliness and other studies in psychological aesthetics, London-New York: Lane. Nakas, K. (2014), "Putrified, deliquescent, amorphous: the 'liquefying' rhetoric of ugliness", Ugliness; the non-beautiful in art and theory, ed. by Andrei Pop and Mechtild Widrich, London-New York: I. B. Tauris. Payne, Edward (2014), »Ribera's grotesque heads: between anatomical study and cultural curiosity«, Ugliness; the non-beautiful in art and theory, ed. by Andrei Pop and Mechtild Widrich, London-New York: I. B. Tauris. Pop, Andrei (2014), »Can beauty and ugliness coexist?«, Ugliness; the non-beautiful in art and theory, ed. by Andrei Pop and Mechtild Widrich, London-New York: I. B. Tauris. Pop, Andrei and Mechtild Widrich (2014), »Introduction: rethinking ugliness«, Ugliness; the non-beautiful in art and theory, ed. by Andrei Pop and Mechtild Widrich, London-New York: I. B. Tauris. Widrich, Mechtild (2014), »The 'Ugliness' of the Avant-Garde«, Ugliness; the non-beautiful in art and theory, ed. by Andrei Pop and Mechtild Widrich, London-New York: I. B. Tauris. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| ugliness and beauty, definition of ugliness, aesthetics of ugliness, art methodology, history of aesthetics | ||
| مراجع | ||
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کتاب نامه
آدورنو، تئودور (1386). «در باب زشتی، زیبایی و تکنیک»، ترجمۀ آذین حسین‌زاده، زیباشناخت، شمارۀ 17، ص 47-50.
تشکری، فاطمه (1391). «زشتی و زیبایی در آثار هنری معاصر براساس آراء آرتور دانتو»، زیباشناخت، شمارۀ 24، ص 101-114.
حسینی بهشتی، محمدرضا؛ ارسلان آقاخانی و شمس‌الملوک مصطفوی (1401). «امکان پرسش از امر زشت در افق استتیک کانت»، حکمت و فلسفه، شمارۀ 69، دورۀ 18، ص 2-25.
عبادیان، محمود (1386). «دربارۀ زشتی در هنر»، زیباشناخت، شمارۀ 16، ص 11-15.
کتاب مقدس (2016)، ترجمۀ هزارۀ نو، لندن: ایلام.
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مور، رونالد (1386). «زشتی»، ترجمۀ مشیت علایی، زیباشناخت، شمارۀ 16، ص 27-36.
میولدر ایتون، مارشا (دی 1388). «زیبایی و زشتی، داخل و خارج از متن»، ترجمۀ رفیق نصرتی، اطلاعات حکمت و معرفت، شمارۀ 46، ص 41-47.
Bachmetivas, V. (2009). Ugly in Art. Zmogus ir Zodis: Man and the Word. IV. 29–34.
Bailey, S. (2013). Ugly: The Aesthetics of Everything. Overlooked Press. Peter Mayer Publishers.
Eco, U. (2007). On Ugliness. (Translated by A. McEwen). Rizzoli International Press.
Lee, V., & Anstruther-Thomson, C. (1912). Beauty and Ugliness and Other Studies in Psychological Aesthetics. Lynn.
Nakas, K. (2014). The Unbeautiful in Art and Theory. (Editted by A. Pope & M. Widrich, Eds.). I. B. Tauris.
Payne, E. (2014). Ribera's Grotesque Heads: Between Anatomical Study and Cultural Curiosity. (Editted by A. Pope & M. Widrich). Ugliness: The Unbeautiful in Art and Theory (34–52). I. B. Tauris.
Pop, A. (2014). Can Beauty and Ugliness Coexist? (Editted by A. Pope & M. Widrich). Ugliness: The Unbeautiful in Art and Theory (89–101). I. B. Tauris.
Pope, A., & Widrich, M. (2014). Introduction: Rethinking Ugliness. (Editted by A. Pop & M. Widrich). Ugliness: The Unbeautiful in Art and Theory (7–15). I. B. Tauris.
Widrich, M. (2014). The 'Ugliness' of the Avant-Garde. (Editted by A. Pope & M. Widrich). Ugliness: The Unbeautiful in Art and Theory (120–137). I. B. Tauris.
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