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مطالعه تحلیلی بازتاب مفاهیم حکمت هرمسی در گراوورهای آلبرشت دورر | ||
| مبانی نظری هنرهای تجسمی | ||
| مقاله 9، دوره 10، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 19، خرداد 1404، صفحه 126-138 اصل مقاله (686.88 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22051/jtpva.2024.42389.1477 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| سپیده ملکی نیا1؛ حجت اله سعادت فر* 2 | ||
| 1کارشناسی ارشد نقاشی، دانشکده هنر، دانشگاه نیشابور، نیشابور، ایران | ||
| 2عضو هیات علمی، دانشکده هنر، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| آیین هرمسی و مفاهیم حکمی و الهی آن از کهن‌ترین دستاوردهای تاریخ بشریت است با اینکه خاستگاه اولیه این متون مصر باستان است ولی در طول زمان بر ادیان مختلف، نظام فکری و جریان‌های بزرگ فرهنگی جوامع دیگر تاثیری ژرف نهاده است. با عصر نوزایی تفکر هرمسی در اروپا دوباره شکوفا شد و با استقبال بی‌سابقه متفکران و بویژه هنرمندان این عصر مواجه شد. در این میان، آلبرشت دورر از نقاشان مشهور شمال اروپا بواسطه قرار داشتن در این فضای فکری و آشنایی عمیق با علم کیمیاگری، حکمت هرمسی و علوم متعالی دیگر، بازتاب خاصی از این آموزه‌ها را در برخی آثار خود، بجای گذاشته است. از این منظر، هدف از این پژوهش آن است که، با روشی تحلیلی و تطبیقی و از طریق بررسی مفاهیم حکمت هرمسی و انطباق گزیده‌ای از آنها با گراوورهای آلبرشت دورر، خوانش متفاوت‌تری نسبت به موضوعات و معانی اولیه این آثار، بدست آورد؛ و به این پرسش پاسخ داد که چه ارتباط معنایی بین موضوعات گراوورهای آلبرشت دورر و آموزه‌های حکمت هرمسی وجود دارد؟ در این جستار از کتاب هرمتیکا بعنوان مرجع تعالیم شاخص این حکمت استفاده شده است. گزیده‌ای از این آموزه‌های حکمی در انطباق با چهار گراوور از آلبرشت دورر نشان داد، ورای موضوع اولیه اثر، هنرمند با استفاده از نمادهای تصویری و همچنین چینش ساختار عناصر بصری، به گونه‌ای ضمنی به معانی باطنی این حکمت کهن متناسب با موضوع به تصویر کشیده شده اشاره داشته است. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| حکمت هرمسی؛ هرمتیکا؛ گراوور؛ آلبرشت دورر | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Analytical Study of the Reflection of Hermetic Wisdom Concepts in Albrecht Dürer's Engravings | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| sepideh malekinia1؛ hojatallah saadatfar2 | ||
| 1Master of painting, Faculty of Arts, Neyshabur University, Neyshabur, Iran. | ||
| 2Faculty member, Art Faculty, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| The Hermetic religion, along with its religious and divine concepts, stands as one of the earliest accomplishments in human history. Although the texts primarily originated in ancient Egypt, their influence has extended to various religions, intellectual systems, and cultural currents in different societies over time. During the Renaissance, the resurgence of Hermetic thinking in Europe was met with exceptional reception, particularly among intellectuals and artists of the time. In this particular time frame, the renowned painter Albrecht Dürer from Northern Europe adeptly incorporated the teachings into his artistic works, leveraging his profound understanding of alchemy, Hermetic wisdom, and other transcendental sciences. This research aims to achieve an alternative interpretation of the primary themes and meanings of these works through the utilization of an analytical and comparative approach. It will examine the concepts of Hermetic wisdom and correlate them with selected engravings by Albrecht Dürer. Moreover, it answers the question: what is the semantic connection between the subjects of Albrecht Dürer's engravings and the teachings of Hermetic wisdom? The teachings of this wisdom are referenced in this report through the book of Hermetica. This text discusses a collection of teachings that cover topics such as human incarnation, death, immortality, rebirth, the zodiacal region, and the circle of time. The teachings are accompanied by four engravings by Albrecht Dürer titled "Knight of Death," "Adam and Eve," "St. Jerome in His Study," and "Men’s Bath." The artist has used visual symbols and arranged the structure of the visual elements to implicitly refer to the esoteric meanings of this ancient wisdom, in addition to the work's primary theme. The Hermetica book contains the translation of the Hermetic texts, along with the title and classification of some crucial terms of this ancient wisdom. The translators worked hard to provide an eloquent and straightforward interpretation of the texts, making it easier for readers to understand them. The following titles, which are highly significant and extensively explored in this research, consist of: Existence of atom (creator) Circle of time Man is a miracle Zodiac region and destiny General and specific Incarnation of the soul Death and immortality Rebirth Creation of humankind Secret teachings This article endeavors to explore Hermetic symbolism in Albrecht Dürer's chosen printed works and, by referencing the terminology and interpretations derived from Hermetic texts, offers a fresh interpretation of these artworks. As previously mentioned, the Hermetic religion centers around the trinity of God, the universe, and humankind. In this perspective, God is regarded as the sole creator; the universe is perceived as a reflection of God's essence, serving as a means to comprehend his magnificence and wisdom. In the context of human existence, there are multiple principles that God has prescribed for humanity, as elucidated by the teachings of Hermetism. The incarnation of man and the rule of man over the lower world through divine luminosity: In Hermetic texts, the human incarnation is considered essential, and the human body is seen as a means to elevate the soul and ultimately unite with the divine. In the two works referenced in this research, Dürer discusses the human body and the mortal body, highlighting the human body as a crucial component. The works "Adam and Eve" and "Men’s Bath" are among the pieces that explicitly utilize physicality and tension as a means of comprehending existence and honoring the human body as a vessel for the soul. Additionally, within his study of St. Jerome, Dürer explores the idea of man's power and wisdom, emphasizing the importance of human speech in establishing the order of the universe. Dürer's depiction of Jerome’s writing is imbued with a halo of light, highlighting the significance of the power of words. Death, Immortality, and Rebirth: In the Hermetic religion, a person's birth is not considered the beginning of their spiritual motivation. Similarly, death is regarded as the transfer of one's spirit to another realm. This transfer occurs with time intervention and is repeated in a cycle. The ultimate objective of this cycle is for the human soul to become one with God through purification and rebirth. The work "Knight, Death, and Satan" incorporates the presence of death, portrayed as a man holding a scythe, alongside symbols such as a horse, snake, and dog, which collectively represent Hekate, the deity associated with the underworld and the deceased. Nevertheless, the knight undergoes the passage of death, and each passage serves as a transition to a different realm, symbolizing a rebirth that brings one closer to attaining divine wisdom through a fresh beginning. Zodiac region and destiny: The texts on Hermetism have consistently discussed the impact of the Zodiac region on human destiny. According to Hermes, this problem is referred to as Atom's gift, as it pertains to the management of the universe's order through the gods and stars and has a direct correlation with the mortal human body. Dürer has employed symbols with this motif in certain of his engravings. In “Adam and Eve” and “Men’s Bath,” he reveals this human principle to the audience by referring to human nature and the five senses, respectively. It should be mentioned that since these two works are related to the theme of human tension and physicality, references are also made to human nature and senses, and this issue reminds us of the importance that incarnation and human destiny are two inseparable elements and logic Zodiac has permeated the world in man since the birth of man. This matter is always essential in Hermes’s religion. The cycle of time: This term refers to the circulation and alteration of events in the universe and their relation to human beings. At times, it is also used to denote the limitation of mortal beings. The changes in time within the universe can be observed through various phenomena such as the rotation of seasons, the growth of plants, the transition from darkness to light in the sky, and other similar occurrences. In the case of humans, this encompasses the process of human development from birth to mortality, among other aspects. In Dürer's engravings, the hourglass symbol is used in "Knight, Death, and Satan" and "Saint Jerome" to represent the limited nature of time. In St. Jerome, the circle symbol, portrayed as a large-brimmed hat atop Jerome's head, signifies time's cyclical and continuous nature. It's worth noting that in this work, the circle, triangle, and square are used as Hermetic signs. Besides the circle's meaning mentioned earlier, the triangle represents the Hermetic trinity of God, the universe, and man, while the square is a manifestation of the four elements (water, soil, fire, and wind). | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Hermetic wisdom, Hermetica, Engraving, Albrecht Dürer | ||
| مراجع | ||
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کتابنامه
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URLS: -URL1. https://lutheranreformation.org/history/albrecht-durers-knight-death-devil -URL2. https://smarthistory.org/durer-adam-and-eve -URL3. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/336229 -URL4. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/387563 | ||
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