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بررسی ریشه ها و تحولات مفهوم کاوایی در فرهنگ و هنر ژاپن | ||
| مبانی نظری هنرهای تجسمی | ||
| مقالات آماده انتشار، پذیرفته شده، انتشار آنلاین از تاریخ 10 خرداد 1404 | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22051/jtpva.2025.47975.1606 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| حسن شکری* 1؛ علی اصغر فهیمی فر2 | ||
| 1گروه پژوهش هنر، دانشکده هنر، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران. | ||
| 2دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، دانشکده هنرو معماری | ||
| چکیده | ||
| این مقاله به تحلیل و بررسی ریشه‌ها، تحولات و کارکرد مفهوم " کاوایی" در فرهنگ و هنر ژاپن می‌پردازد. کاوایی که در ایران به معنای " بامزه" یا " ناز" ترجمه می‌شود، یکی از مفاهیم بنیادین و تاثیرگذار ژاپنی است که در طی قرون مختلف در این کشور تحول‌یافته و در جنبه‌های مختلف زندگی مردم آن جایگاه ویژه‌ای پیدا کرده و همچنین پا به دنیای هنر نیز نهاده‌است. مفهوم کاوایی خالق فضایی است که محدود به ژاپن نبوده و به‌گونه‌ای ردپای آن در فرهنگ و تولیدات‌هنری دیگر کشورها نیز دیده می-شود. از این جهت در مطالعه‌ی حاضر با هدف بررسی ریشه‌ها و تحولات مفهوم کاوایی در فرهنگ و هنر ژاپن، این پرسش مطرح شده‌است که ریشه‌های مفهوم کاوایی در ژاپن کدامند و دستخوش چه تحولاتی در طی دوران شده‌اند؟ در این پژوهش نخست به بررسی ریشه‌های تاریخی این مفهوم در دوره‌های مختلف تاریخ ژاپن پرداخته و سپس تأثیرات آن بر دنیای هنر، ادبیات، مد، روان-شناسی و فرهنگ‌عامه مورد بررسی قرار گرفته‌است. با بکارگیری روش توصیفی-تحلیلی و جمع‌آوری اطلاعات و اسناد به شیوه کتابخانه‌ای و مشاهده عناصر حامل مفهوم کاوایی، این مقاله سعی داشته‌است تا به فهم عمیق‌تری از اهمیت و تأثیرات گسترده کاوایی در فرهنگ و هنر ژاپن دست‌یابد. نتایج این پژوهش نیز به‌نوعی بیانگر این است که کاوایی با تحول از یک ویژگی ظاهری به یک ایدئولوژی فرهنگی و جهانی، تأثیرات عمیقی بر هنر و فرهنگ کشورهای مختلف داشته و نقش مهمی در تقویت ارتباطات بین فرهنگی ایفا کرده است. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| کاوایی؛ هنر؛ ژاپن؛ مفهوم؛ تحولات | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Examining the Origins and Evolution of the Concept of Kawaii in Japanese Culture and Art | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Hasan Shokri1؛ Asqhar Fahimifar2 | ||
| 1Department of Art Research, Faculty of Art, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. | ||
| 2Faculty of Art and Architecture, Tarbiat Modares University | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Exploration of the Roots and Evolution of the Concept of Kawaii in Japanese Culture and Art The article titled “ Exploration of the Roots and Evolution of the Concept of Kawaii in Japanese Culture and Art” provides a detailed examination of the concept of "kawaii," a term that has become synonymous with Japanese culture, signifying a blend of cuteness, innocence, and charm. The study traces the historical origins, cultural significance, and the transformative journey of kawaii from its ancient roots to its modern global influence. Historical Origins and Evolution of Kawaii Heian Period (794–1185): The concept of kawaii can be traced back to the Heian period, where it was closely associated with the aesthetics of the Japanese imperial court. During this time, notions of beauty were deeply intertwined with literature, art, and the aristocratic lifestyle. The early form of kawaii was more about a refined and delicate beauty, often linked to notions of "aware" (a deep, gentle sadness) and "mono no aware" (the pathos of things). These concepts emphasized the transient nature of beauty and life, which laid the groundwork for what would later evolve into kawaii. Edo Period (1603–1868): The Edo period marked a significant shift in the evolution of kawaii, as the concept began to permeate the broader culture, moving beyond the confines of the aristocracy. The rise of urban centers and the proliferation of a merchant class led to the democratization of art and culture. Ukiyo-e (woodblock prints) became popular during this era, depicting scenes of daily life, entertainment, and beauty. The concept of kawaii during this time started to embody a more playful and accessible form of beauty, reflecting the tastes of the common people. Meiji Period (1868–1912) to Pre-World War II: With the advent of the Meiji Restoration and Japan's subsequent modernization and Westernization, the concept of kawaii continued to evolve. During this period, there was a blend of traditional Japanese aesthetics with Western influences, which began to shape modern interpretations of beauty and cuteness. However, the kawaii of this era still retained a strong connection to its historical roots in traditional Japanese aesthetics. Post-World War II: The Rise of Modern Kawaii After World War II, Japan underwent significant social and cultural transformations, which played a crucial role in the emergence of kawaii as a dominant cultural force. The post-war era in Japan was marked by rapid economic growth, urbanization, and the rise of a consumer society. These changes created fertile ground for the development of a new kind of kawaii that was more commercial and widespread. 1970s - The Birth of Kawaii Culture: The 1970s is often cited as the decade when kawaii culture truly began to take shape in its modern form. This period saw the emergence of a distinct aesthetic that was characterized by childlike innocence, pastel colors, and an emphasis on cute, non-threatening imagery. The kawaii trend started in part with the handwriting of Japanese schoolgirls, who developed a rounded, playful style of writing called "marui-ji" (round writing). This style soon became popular across Japan and was one of the first examples of kawaii aesthetics influencing everyday life. Commercialization and Globalization: By the 1980s, kawaii had become a central aspect of Japanese pop culture, influencing everything from fashion and toys to advertising and media. Characters like Hello Kitty, created by the Sanrio company in 1974, became emblematic of kawaii culture. Hello Kitty, with her simple design and expressionless face, was designed to be universally relatable, embodying the essence of kawaii. The success of Hello Kitty paved the way for other kawaii characters and products, which became hugely popular not only in Japan but globally. Cultural and Artistic Impact of Kawaii Kawaii in Art: The article discusses how kawaii has had a profound impact on Japanese art, particularly in the realms of manga and anime. Artists and creators in these fields have adopted kawaii aesthetics to convey a wide range of emotions and ideas, often using cute, exaggerated character designs to appeal to a broad audience. Kawaii in art is not just about surface-level cuteness; it often carries deeper cultural and social messages, reflecting the complexities of contemporary Japanese society. Literature and Media: In literature and media, kawaii is often used to evoke nostalgia, innocence, and a longing for simplicity. The concept has been employed in various narratives to explore themes of identity, gender, and modernity. Kawaii characters in manga and anime, for instance, are frequently depicted in ways that challenge traditional gender roles or societal expectations, offering alternative forms of self-expression. Fashion and Design: Kawaii has also had a significant influence on Japanese fashion, particularly in subcultures like "Lolita" fashion, which emphasizes frilly, Victorian-inspired clothing, and "decora" fashion, which is characterized by an abundance of colorful accessories and playful designs. These fashion trends reflect the broader cultural importance of kawaii, where appearance and self-presentation are used as forms of personal and social identity. Kawaii as a Global Cultural Phenomenon International Influence: The article highlights the global spread of kawaii culture, particularly from the 1990s onwards. The export of Japanese products, media, and characters has introduced kawaii to international audiences, where it has been embraced and adapted in various cultural contexts. The global appeal of kawaii can be attributed to its universal themes of cuteness and innocence, which resonate with people of different ages and backgrounds. Cross-Cultural Adaptation: In many countries, kawaii has been integrated into local cultures, influencing fashion, art, and design. For example, in the United States and Europe, kawaii elements have been incorporated into street fashion, graphic design, and even corporate branding. The article notes that while kawaii has been adapted in diverse ways around the world, the core elements of the concept—cuteness, simplicity, and approachability—remain consistent. Critiques and Controversies: The article also addresses some of the critiques and controversies surrounding kawaii culture. Some critics argue that the emphasis on cuteness can be infantilizing, particularly for women, and that it reinforces gender stereotypes. Others view kawaii as a form of escapism, a way for people to retreat from the pressures of modern life into a world of innocence and simplicity. Despite these critiques, kawaii continues to be a powerful and pervasive force in both Japanese and global culture. Conclusion: The Enduring Significance of Kawaii The article concludes by emphasizing the enduring significance of kawaii in Japanese culture and its influence on global art and culture. Kawaii has transcended its origins as a simple aesthetic to become a complex cultural phenomenon that shapes identities, influences artistic expression, and fosters cross-cultural communication. As Japan continues to navigate its global cultural landscape, kawaii remains a key element of its cultural identity, offering insights into how beauty, art, and society intersect. Overall, the article provides a comprehensive exploration of the roots and evolution of kawaii, highlighting its importance as both a cultural and artistic force in Japan and beyond. Through a combination of historical analysis and cultural critique, the study sheds light on how kawaii has come to define not only a particular aesthetic but also a broader cultural ideology that resonates with people worldwide. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Kawaii, Art, Japan, Concept, Developments | ||
| مراجع | ||
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