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تجارب زیسته تغییرات سبک زندگی مادران شاغل در دوران همه‌گیری ویروس کووید19 به روش کیفی | ||
| مطالعات اجتماعی روان شناختی زنان | ||
| دوره 21، شماره 4 - شماره پیاپی 77، دی 1402، صفحه 136-162 اصل مقاله (1.1 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22051/jwsps.2023.42736.2716 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| سعیده کربلائی ترکش دوز1؛ زهرا سادات پورسید آقایی* 2 | ||
| 1دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد مشاوره خانواده، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران شمال، تهران، ایران. s.k.tarkeshdooz@gmail.com | ||
| 2ستادیار، گروه مشاوره،دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روان شناسی، دانشگاه الزهرا(س)، تهران،ایران.(نویسنده مسئول). zspsaghaei@alzahra.ac.ir | ||
| چکیده | ||
| هدف: پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی تجربه زیستۀ مادران شاغل از تغییرات سبک زندگی خود در مواجهه با همه‌گیری ویروس کووید-19 انجام شد. روش: این مطالعه از نوع کیفی و با استفاده از روش پدیدارشناسی انجام شد. جامعه آماری مادران شاغل در حوزه‌های گوناگون آموزشی(هنری، فرهنگی، علمی) در سال 1401-1400 شهر تهران بودند. نمونه گیری به روش هدفمند انجام شد و پس از تعداد 20 نفر به نقطه اشباع رسید. داده‌ها از طریق مصاحبۀ نیمه‌ساختاریافته جمع‌آوری و با روش پدیدارشناسی اسمیت تحلیل شدند. یافته‌ها: در این پژوهش 8 مضمون اصلی و 19 مضمون فرعی بدست آمد که مضامین اصلی عبارتند از: عادات جسمانی، آسیب‌پذیری روانی، مشکلات شغلی، تغییر الگوی هزینه-درآمد، تعارضات زوجین، تعارضات مادر-فرزندی ، حضور اجباری در خانه و دشواری مسئولیت‌های مراقبتی. نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج بدست آمده از این پژوهش نشان‌دهندۀ ضرورت توجه همه‌جانبه به مسائل و چالش‌های مادران شاغل در مواجهه با پدیدۀ چندبعدی و پیچیدۀ همه‌گیری ویروس کووید-19 و پیامدهای متعدد مثبت و منفی آن در عرصۀ سبک زندگی آنان است. نتایج این پژوهش برای برنامه‌ریزان فرهنگی وعرصه سلامت روان حائز اهمیت است. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| سبک زندگی؛ ویروس کووید-19؛ مادران شاغل؛ تجارب زیسته | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Lived experiences of lifestyle changes of working mothers during the covid19 virus epidemic using a qualitative method | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Saeedeh Karbalaie Tarkeshdooz1؛ Zahra sadat Pour seyyed aghaei2 | ||
| 1M.A in Family Counseling, Department of Human Science, Tehran North Branch of Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. s.k.tarkeshdooz@gmail.com | ||
| 2Assistant Professor, Department of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran.zspsaghaei@alzahra.ac.ir | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Aim: The present study was conducted to investigate the lived experience of working mothers regarding their lifestyle changes in the face of covid-19 virus pandemic. Methods: This qualitative study was performed using phenomenological methodology. The research was conducted using purposive sampling of working mothers in various educational fields in Tehran during 1400-1401. After conducting 20 persons, data saturation was reached. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed with Smith's phenomenological method. Results: In this research, 8 main themes and 19 secondary themes were obtained, which main themes are: physical habits, psychological vulnerability, job problems, change of cost-income pattern, couple conflicts, mother-child conflicts, forced presence at home and difficulty of caring responsibilities. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate the need for comprehensive attention to the issues and challenges of working mothers in the face of the multidimensional and complex phenomenon of the Covid-19 pandemic and its numerous positive and negative consequences in the field of women`s lifestyle. The results of this research are important for cultural planners and the field of mental health. Keywords Lifestyle, Covid-19 virus, Working mothers, Lived experiences, Phenomenology Introduction This research examines the living experiences of working women regarding the changes in their lifestyle during the Corona era. The COVID-19 virus, with its distinctive features, has compelled people to modify their lifestyles (Tajbakhsh, 2019), as lifestyle is a way to confront life's challenges (Kwong et al., 2021). Meanwhile, the outbreak of this virus as a social crisis has led to many positive and negative changes in the lives of working mothers. The research by Schmid et al. (2020), McLaren et al. (2020), and Farhadi and Gholamnazari (2019) indicates that women bear more pressure during social crises—an issue that has not been adequately addressed in public policies and health measures. Methodology TThe current research was conducted in the interpretivism paradigm, adopting a qualitative approach with a phenomenological orientation. The method of data collection involved semi-structured interviews, facilitated by an "interview guide." The primary interview questions were: How has your lifestyle changed during the Covid-19 pandemic? What issues have you faced during the Covid-19 pandemic? The statistical population of this research encompassed all working mothers in various educational fields residing in Tehran. Purposive sampling was employed in the research process, continuing until 20 cases were reached, and theoretical data saturation was achieved. The entry criteria for the research included being married, aged 35-50, residing in Tehran, having at least one child who is a student, and working in various educational fields. All interviews were conducted via video calls and lasted for 30-40 minutes. In this study, Smith's data analysis method was employed. After extracting the main sentences and phrases from the interview text, 730 initial codes were obtained. In the subsequent step, repeated phrases and overlapping codes were eliminated through comparison and integration. This process led to the formation of secondary themes and, subsequently, main themes, representing more abstract concepts. Findings The analysis of participants' experiences in this research identified and categorized them into 8 main themes and 19 sub-themes. The first main theme, "Physical habits," included the sub-themes of "Irregularity in sleep patterns," "Change in eating patterns," "Weight gain," and "Non-follow-up of medical examinations." The second main theme, "Psychological vulnerability," included the sub-themes of "Depression experience," "Anxiety experience and Obsessive-compulsive," "Loneliness and homesickness experience," and "Decrease in fun and positive emotions." The third main theme, "Job problems," included the sub-theme of "Teleworking." The fourth main theme, "Change in cost-income pattern," included the sub-themes "Change in the amount of income" and "Change in the amount of expenses." The fifth main theme, "Couple conflict," encompassed the themes of "Increasing marital conflicts" and "Decreasing sexual satisfaction." The sixth main theme, "Mother-child conflicts," included the sub-themes "Conflict caused by children's education in virtual space" and "Conflict caused by children's free time." The seventh main theme, "Mandatory presence at home," covered the sub-themes "Increasing effective interactions among family members" and "Weakness in managing interactions." The eighth main theme, "Difficulty of caring responsibilities," consisted of the sub-themes "Increasing women's responsibility due to caring for patients" and "Feeling dissatisfied with ignoring the role of women in treating patients. Result According to the results of the current research, the lifestyle of Iranian families, especially working mothers, has undergone many positive and negative changes during the Covid-19 virus epidemic. In terms of physical habits, negative changes have been observed in sleep patterns, lack of follow-up of medical examinations, inactivity, and excessive use of medicinal supplements. At the same time, mothers, as one of the main pillars of the family and determiners of the family nutrition pattern, have been able to enrich nutrition and strengthen the immune system of family members by reviving traditional cooking. Additionally, during this period, women experienced many psychological vulnerabilities such as depression, loneliness, obsession, and anxiety. The problems caused by remote work and a lack of mastery of software in the educational field have also imposed another psychological burden on them. This epidemic has caused problems for the livelihood of families and brought about a fundamental change in the household goods basket. Compulsory presence at home, despite creating a closer relationship and experiencing creative behaviors in the family, has caused a decrease in compatibility among them due to the weakness of the members in managing these interactions, leading to occurrences of mother-child conflicts and couple conflicts. Finally, the responsibility of taking care of patients has imposed additional pressure on women. References Abbott, P. & Wallace, C. (2016). Gender, power and sexuality. Springer. Aljefree, N. M., Shatwan, I. M. & Almoraie, N. M. (2022). Impact of the intake of snacks and lifestyle behaviors on obesity among university students living in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Antunes, R., Frontini, R., Amaro, N., Salvador, R., Matos, R., Morouço, P. & Rebelo-Gonçalves, R. (2020). Exploring lifestyle habits, physical activity, anxiety and basic psychological needs in a sample of portuguese adults during COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(12). Bourdieu, P. & Richardson, J. G. (1986). Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education. The forms of capital, 241, 258. Carli, L. L. (2020). Women, gender equality and COVID-19. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 35(7/8), 647-655. Creswell, J. W. & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (M. Vafaeizadeh, Trans.). Andishmand Publication. (2014). (In Persian) Daneshpayeh, M., Dortaj, F. & Mazoosaz, A. (2022). Explaining the model of psychological well-being based on wisdom mediated by feelings of loneliness in women. Women's Studies Sociological and Psychological, 20(72). (In Persian) Delcea, C., Chirilă, V. I. & Săuchea, A. M. (2021). Effects of COVID-19 on sexual life – a meta-analysis. Sexologies, 30(1), e49-e54. Ettehad, S. S., Jomehpour, M. & Isaloo, S. (2021). Study of urban lifestyle changes in crises, with emphasis on Covid-19 disease. Disaster Prevention and Management Knowledge, 11(1), 81-95. (In Persian) Farhadi, S. & Gholam Nazari, H. (2021). The prediction of the psychological burden of Corona-virus on women in the family during the quarantine: The role of problem-solving styles and psychological capital. Journal of Applied Family Therapy, 2(1), 46-64. (In Persian) Fitzpatrick, K. M., Harris, C. & Drawve, G. (2020). Fear of COVID-19 and the mental health consequences in America. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(S1), S17-S21. Güzel, P., Yildiz, K., Esentaş, M. & Zerengök, D. (2020). “Know-how” to spend time in home isolation during COVID-19; restrictions and recreational activities. International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies, 7(2), 122-131. Hamadani, J. D., Hasan, M. I., Baldi, A. J., Hossain, S. J., Shiraji, S., Bhuiyan, M. S. A., Mehrin, S. F., Fisher, J., Tofail, F., Tipu, S. M. M. U., Grantham-McGregor, S., Biggs, B.-A., Braat, S. & Pasricha, S.-R. (2020). Immediate impact of stay-at-home orders to control COVID-19 transmission on socioeconomic conditions, food insecurity, mental health, and intimate partner violence in Bangladeshi women and their families: an interrupted time series. The Lancet Global Health, 8(11), e1380-e1389. IRNA. (2019). A threefold increase in the number of calls of couples' disputes in quarantine https://www.irna.ir/news/83733948/ (In Persian) Kikuchi, S., Kitao, S. & Mikoshiba, M. (2021). Who suffers from the COVID-19 shocks? Labor market heterogeneity and welfare consequences in Japan. Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, 59(C),S088915832030054X. Kwong, A. S. F., Pearson, R. M., Adams, M. J., Northstone, K., Tilling, K., Smith, D., Fawns-Ritchie, C., Bould, H., Warne, N., Zammit, S., Gunnell, D. J., Moran, P. A., Micali, N., Reichenberg, A., Hickman, M., Rai, D., Haworth, S., Campbell, A., Altschul, D., . . . Timpson, N. J. (2021). Mental health before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in two longitudinal UK population cohorts. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 218(6), 334-343. Madanipour, N. (2006). A look at women's employment; Effective factors; Obstacles and perspectives. Payamezan, 15(5), 0-0. (In Persian) Martin, D., Miller, A. P., Quesnel-Vallée, A., Caron, N. R., Vissandjée, B. & Marchildon, G. P. (2018). Canada's universal health-care system: Achieving its potential. Lancet, 391(10131), 1718-1735. McLaren, H. J., Wong, K. R., Nguyen, K. N. & Mahamadachchi, K. N. (2020). Covid-19 and women’s triple burden: Vignettes from Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Vietnam and Australia. Social Sciences, 9(5). Mehrizi, T. & Bastani, S. (2006). Investigating the amount of capital (social, cultural and economic) and its relationship with the lifestyles of young people in Tehran [Doctoral dissertation, Al-Zahra University]. (In Persian) Moradi, A. & Mohammadifar N. (2020). The role of social media in the formation of social phobia and lifestyle changes caused by the Corona Virus (Case study: Kermanshah City). Journal of Social Order, 12(2), 123-148. (In Persian) Rossi, R., Socci, V., Talevi, D., Mensi, S., Niolu, C., Pacitti, F., Di Marco, A., Rossi, A., Siracusano, A. & Di Lorenzo, G. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemic and Lockdown Measures Impact on Mental Health Among the General Population in Italy [Brief Research Report]. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00790. Schmid, L., Wörn, J., Hank, K., Sawatzki, B. & Walper, S. (2021). Changes in employment and relationship satisfaction in times of the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from the German family Panel. European Societies, 23(1), S743-S758. Shen, T. S., Chen, A. Z., Bovonratwet, P., Shen, C. L. & Su, E. P. (2020). COVID-19–related internet search patterns among people in the United States: Exploratory analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(11), e22407. Tajbakhsh, G. (2020). An analysis of the modern lifestyle in the post-Corona era. Strategic Studies of Public Policy, 10(35), 340-360. (In Persian) Taylor, S. (2022). The Psychology of Pandemics: Preparing for the Next Global Outbreak of Infectious Disease (Z. P. Aghaei & S. K. Tarkeshdooz, Trans). Arjmand Publishing. (2019). (In Persian) Zhang, W., Walkover, M. & Wu, Y. Y. (2021). The challenge of COVID-19 for adult men and women in the United States: Disparities of psychological distress by gender and age. Public Health, 198, 218-222. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Lifestyle, Covid-19 virus, Working mothers, Lived experiences | ||
| مراجع | ||
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اتحاد، سیده شبناز.، جمعه‌پور، محمود و عیسی‌لو، شهاب الدین. (1400). مطالعه تغییرات سبک زندگی شهری در شرایط بحران؛ با تأکید بر بیماری کووید-19. دانش پیشگیری و مدیریت بحران، 11(1)، 95-81. تاجبخش، غلامرضا. (1399). واکاوی سبک نوین زندگی در عصر پساکرونا. مطالعات راهبردی سیاست‌گذاری عمومی، 10(35)، 360-340. تیلور، استیون. (1401). روان‌شناسی بیماری‌های همه‌گیر. ترجمۀ زهراسادات پورسیدآقایی و سعیده کربلایی. تهران: انتشارات ارجمند (در نوبت چاپ). خبرگزاری جمهوری اسلامی ایران. (1399). افزایش سه برابری آمار تماس‌های اختلافات زوجین در قرنطینه. ایرنا. 12 فروردین 1399. دانش‌پایه، مسلم.، درتاج، فریبرز و مازوساز، عاطفه. (1401). تبیین مدل بهزیستی روان‌شناختی بر اساس خردمندی با میانجی‌گری احساس تنهایی در زنان. مطالعات اجتماعی روان‌شناختی زنان. 20(3)، 109-84. فرهادی، سجاد و غلام‌نظری، هاجر. (1399). پیش‌بینی بار روانی ویروس کرونا در زنان خانواده در ایام قرنطینه: نقش سبک‌های حل مسئله و سرمایه روان‌شناختی. خانواده درمانی کاربردی، 2(1)، 64-46. کرسول، جان دبلیو. (1400). روش تحقیق. ترجمه مهدی وفایی‌زاده. تهران: نشر زرین اندیشمند. مدنی‌پور، نادیا. (1385). نگاهى به اشتغال زنان، عوامل مؤثر، موانع و دیدگاه‌ها. پیام زن، 15(5)، 0-0. مهریزی، طیبه و باستانی، سوسن. (1386). بررسی میزان سرمایه (اجتماعی، فرهنگی و اقتصادی) و رابطه آن با سبک‌های زندگی جوانان شهر تهران. رساله دکتری، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی و اقتصادی، دانشگاه الزهرا. تهران. Abbott, P. & Wallace, C. (2016). Gender, power and sexuality. Springer. Aljefree, N. M., Shatwan, I. M. & Almoraie, N. M. (2022). Impact of the intake of snacks and lifestyle behaviors on obesity among university students living in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Antunes, R., Frontini, R., Amaro, N., Salvador, R., Matos, R., Morouço, P. & Rebelo-Gonçalves, R. (2020). Exploring lifestyle habits, physical activity, anxiety and basic psychological needs in a sample of portuguese adults during COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(12). Bourdieu, P. & Richardson, J. G. (1986). Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education. The forms of capital, 241, 258. Carli, L. L. (2020). Women, gender equality and COVID-19. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 35(7/8), 647-655. Creswell, J. W. & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (M. Vafaeizadeh, Trans.). Andishmand Publication. (2014). (In Persian) Daneshpayeh, M., Dortaj, F. & Mazoosaz, A. (2022). Explaining the model of psychological well-being based on wisdom mediated by feelings of loneliness in women. Women's Studies Sociological and Psychological, 20(72). (In Persian) Delcea, C., Chirilă, V. I. & Săuchea, A. M. (2021). Effects of COVID-19 on sexual life – a meta-analysis. Sexologies, 30(1), e49-e54. Ettehad, S. S., Jomehpour, M. & Isaloo, S. (2021). Study of urban lifestyle changes in crises, with emphasis on Covid-19 disease. Disaster Prevention and Management Knowledge, 11(1), 81-95. (In Persian) Farhadi, S. & Gholam Nazari, H. (2021). The prediction of the psychological burden of Corona-virus on women in the family during the quarantine: The role of problem-solving styles and psychological capital. Journal of Applied Family Therapy, 2(1), 46-64. (In Persian) Fitzpatrick, K. M., Harris, C. & Drawve, G. (2020). Fear of COVID-19 and the mental health consequences in America. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(S1), S17-S21. Güzel, P., Yildiz, K., Esentaş, M. & Zerengök, D. (2020). “Know-how” to spend time in home isolation during COVID-19; restrictions and recreational activities. International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies, 7(2), 122-131. Hamadani, J. D., Hasan, M. I., Baldi, A. J., Hossain, S. J., Shiraji, S., Bhuiyan, M. S. A., Mehrin, S. F., Fisher, J., Tofail, F., Tipu, S. M. M. U., Grantham-McGregor, S., Biggs, B.-A., Braat, S. & Pasricha, S.-R. (2020). Immediate impact of stay-at-home orders to control COVID-19 transmission on socioeconomic conditions, food insecurity, mental health, and intimate partner violence in Bangladeshi women and their families: an interrupted time series. The Lancet Global Health, 8(11), e1380-e1389. IRNA. (2019). A threefold increase in the number of calls of couples' disputes in quarantine https://www.irna.ir/news/83733948/ (In Persian) Kikuchi, S., Kitao, S. & Mikoshiba, M. (2021). Who suffers from the COVID-19 shocks? Labor market heterogeneity and welfare consequences in Japan. Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, 59(C),S088915832030054X. Kwong, A. S. F., Pearson, R. M., Adams, M. J., Northstone, K., Tilling, K., Smith, D., Fawns-Ritchie, C., Bould, H., Warne, N., Zammit, S., Gunnell, D. J., Moran, P. A., Micali, N., Reichenberg, A., Hickman, M., Rai, D., Haworth, S., Campbell, A., Altschul, D., . . . Timpson, N. J. (2021). Mental health before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in two longitudinal UK population cohorts. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 218(6), 334-343. Madanipour, N. (2006). A look at women's employment; Effective factors; Obstacles and perspectives. Payamezan, 15(5), 0-0. (In Persian) Martin, D., Miller, A. P., Quesnel-Vallée, A., Caron, N. R., Vissandjée, B. & Marchildon, G. P. (2018). Canada's universal health-care system: Achieving its potential. Lancet, 391(10131), 1718-1735. McLaren, H. J., Wong, K. R., Nguyen, K. N. & Mahamadachchi, K. N. (2020). Covid-19 and women’s triple burden: Vignettes from Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Vietnam and Australia. Social Sciences, 9(5). Mehrizi, T. & Bastani, S. (2006). Investigating the amount of capital (social, cultural and economic) and its relationship with the lifestyles of young people in Tehran [Doctoral dissertation, Al-Zahra University]. (In Persian) Moradi, A. & Mohammadifar N. (2020). The role of social media in the formation of social phobia and lifestyle changes caused by the Corona Virus (Case study: Kermanshah City). Journal of Social Order, 12(2), 123-148. (In Persian) Rossi, R., Socci, V., Talevi, D., Mensi, S., Niolu, C., Pacitti, F., Di Marco, A., Rossi, A., Siracusano, A. & Di Lorenzo, G. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemic and Lockdown Measures Impact on Mental Health Among the General Population in Italy [Brief Research Report]. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00790. Schmid, L., Wörn, J., Hank, K., Sawatzki, B. & Walper, S. (2021). Changes in employment and relationship satisfaction in times of the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from the German family Panel. European Societies, 23(1), S743-S758. Shen, T. S., Chen, A. Z., Bovonratwet, P., Shen, C. L. & Su, E. P. (2020). COVID-19–related internet search patterns among people in the United States: Exploratory analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(11), e22407. Tajbakhsh, G. (2020). An analysis of the modern lifestyle in the post-Corona era. Strategic Studies of Public Policy, 10(35), 340-360. (In Persian) Taylor, S. (2022). The Psychology of Pandemics: Preparing for the Next Global Outbreak of Infectious Disease (Z. P. Aghaei & S. K. Tarkeshdooz, Trans). Arjmand Publishing. (2019). (In Persian) Zhang, W., Walkover, M. & Wu, Y. Y. (2021). The challenge of COVID-19 for adult men and women in the United States: Disparities of psychological distress by gender and age. Public Health, 198, 218-222. | ||
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آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 312 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 270 |
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