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مطالعه‌ی پدیدارشناختی تجربه‌ی زیسته‌ی زنان در خانوادههای چندهمسر | ||
| مطالعات اجتماعی روان شناختی زنان | ||
| دوره 21، شماره 4 - شماره پیاپی 77، دی 1402، صفحه 101-135 اصل مقاله (967.72 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22051/jwsps.2023.39764.2595 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| ملیحه رحمانیان1؛ مصطفی ظهیری نیا* 2؛ یاسر رستگار3 | ||
| 1دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد پژوهش علوم اجتماعی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه هرمزگان، هرمزگان، ایران. rahmanianmalihe1400@gmail.com | ||
| 2دانشیار گروه علوم اجتماعی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه هرمزگان، هرمزگان، ایران. (نویسنده مسئول) zahirinia@hormozgan.ac.ir | ||
| 3استادیار گروه علوم اجتماعی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه هرمزگان، هرمزگان، ایران. rastegar@hormozgan.ac.ir | ||
| چکیده | ||
| این پژوهش در پی مطالعه پدیدارشناختی تجربه زیسته زنان خانوادههای چندهمسر و توصیف تجارب زیسته آنها است. از آنجا که کمتر به روایتها و تجارب این زنان و چالشهای مواجه با آن پرداخته شده، مطالعه حاضر میتواند صدای این گروه در حاشیه باشد. روش پژوهش، پدیدارشناسی از نوع توصیفی و میدان مطالعه، خانوادههای چند همسر شهرستان میناب در استان هرمزگان است. روش نمونه‌گیری، هدفمند و شیوه‌ی دسترسی به‌صورت گلوله برفی بوده و با 33 نفر از زنانی که در چنین خانواده‌هایی سال‌ها زندگی کرده‌اند، مصاحبه نیمه‌ساختمند انجام گرفته و در نهایت روایت‌های ایشان با استفاده از تکنیک کدگذاری کلایزی تحلیل شده است. تحلیل دادهها منجر به کشف 5 مفهوم کلیدی زندگی تباه شده، واکنشهای عاطفی ناسازگارانه، آشفتگیهای روحی و روانی، زن دوم؛ سوگلی، آرامش در زندگی و مواجهه با هوو: از نزاع تا ترحم، همچنین 17 مفهوم ثانویه و 105 مفهوم اولیه شد. نتایج نشان داد که امروزه پدیده چندزنی برخلاف تصور که به‌عنوان امری فرهنگی و نسبیگرایانه نگریسته میشد، دیگر هنجاری قابل قبول برای زنان میدان مطالعه نیست. این پدیده برای زنان با شرایط، مذهب و فرهنگ یکسان همان‌قدر دردناک و رنجآور است که برای زنان با مذهب و شرایط متفاوت دردناک و رنجآور است و این کاملاً یک امر درونی در همه زنان است. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| چندهمسری؛ چندزنی؛ پدیدارشناسی؛ تجربه زیسته؛ شهرستان میناب | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Phenomenological Study of Women's Lived Experience in Polygamous Families | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Malihe Rahmanian1؛ Mostafa Zahirinia2؛ Yaser Rastegar3 | ||
| 1M.A student of Social Sciences research, Faculty Humanities, University of Hormozgan, Iran. rahmanianmalihe1400@gmail.com | ||
| 2Associate Professor, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, University of Hormozgan, Iran. zahirinia@hormozgan.ac.ir. (Corresponding Author) | ||
| 3Assistant Professor, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, University of Hormozgan, Iran. Rastegar@hormozgan.ac.ir | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| The present study aimed to conduct a phenomenological review of the life experiences of women in polygamous families and to describe their lived experiences. A descriptive phenomenology study was carried out, with the field of study consisting of polygamous families in Minab, Hormozgan Province, Iran. Purposeful sampling and the snowball method were employed. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 33 women who had lived in such families for many years, and their narratives were analyzed using the Colaizzi analysis technique. Data analysis revealed five key concepts: ruined life, maladaptive emotional reactions, spiritual and mental disorders, second wife, and the favorite. Additionally, tranquility in life and the encounter with co-wife shifted from strife to pity. There were also 17 secondary concepts and 105 primary concepts. The results indicated that polygamy is no longer an acceptable norm for women in the study field today, contrary to the perception that it was considered a cultural and relativistic matter. This phenomenon is perceived as painful for women with similar conditions, religion, and culture, as well as for other women with different religions and conditions; it is a completely internal matter for all women. Keywords Polygamy, Polygyny, Phenomenology, Lived Experience, Minab City Introduction Marriage typically serves as the starting point of a family (Alaie Rahmani, 2014), a universal institution present throughout history in all societies (Aref and Fatima, 2015). The predominant form of marriage is monogamy, whereas polygamy, where a woman can have multiple husbands simultaneously, was limited to a brief period, primarily in uncivilized societies. Polygamy, another marital structure, allows a man to have several wives concurrently (Nasti Zaei, 2015). Given Hormozgan province's second-ranking status in the country for polygamy, Minab city, its second most populous, is not exempt from this phenomenon. Preliminary observations and insights from local key informants indicate a prevalence of polygamous family structures in this region, particularly in the eastern and southeastern parts. Women in polygamous marriages encounter a unique life experience, where this marital arrangement can evoke feelings of sadness, grief, or happiness. Fortunately, in today's world, there has been a reduction in the violation of women's rights to some extent. However, a comprehensive study on the issue of polygamy is still necessary. Contrary to the past, a review of studies conducted in this area reveals that polygamy is no longer the dominant cultural norm and is not accepted, even among the most traditional women in these regions. It has become challenging, bringing various social and psychological consequences for couples, especially women. This necessitates a deeper analysis of the hidden aspects of this phenomenon. Thus, this research aims to study polygamy from the perspective of women themselves, seeking to describe the lived experiences of women in polygamous families. Methodology The current research adopts a qualitative and descriptive phenomenological methodology. The study is situated in Minab city, located in Hormozgan province, focusing on 33 women from polygamous families. Open and semi-structured interviews were conducted using purposeful sampling and the snowball access method. To identify suitable subjects, the researcher initially sought information from individuals familiar with the research area in unfamiliar locations. After obtaining necessary permissions and coordinating, interviews were carried out. The process utilized both purposive and snowball methods to identify subjects, continuing until data saturation was achieved. The data collection phase concluded with a total of 33 interviews. Furthermore, the data analysis followed the descriptive phenomenological approach of Claizi, from which the main themes were extracted. Findings The data analysis uncovered five key concepts: ruined life, incompatible emotional reactions, mental and emotional disturbances, the role of the second woman (Sugoli), tranquility in life, and the experience of facing Hawou - evolving from strife to pity. Additionally, 17 secondary concepts and 105 primary concepts emerged from the analysis. The key concept of a ruined life encompasses three secondary concepts, including losing one's heart, cutting one's life, and cutting one's self. Further, it comprises 13 sub-categories such as coldness in relations with one's wife, quarrels and conflicts with one's wife, considering one's wife as incompetent, separation from one's wife, helplessness and misery in life, giving up on the world, despair and hopelessness in life, dissatisfaction with life, abandonment, thinking oneself inadequate, torment of conscience, shame, and understanding the hatred of the people around oneself. This key concept encompasses 44 basic concepts, which have been expanded and investigated based on the statements of the interviewees. According to the findings, the key concept of maladaptive emotional reactions is comprised of four secondary concepts, including self-hatred, malice, anger and aggression, and the desire for vengeance and revenge, resulting in a total of 27 primary concepts. The key concept of psychological disturbances consists of two secondary concepts, namely contradiction in feelings and insecurity and anxiety, along with 12 primary concepts. Furthermore, the key concept related to the second woman (Sugoli) and peace in life encompasses five secondary concepts: satisfaction with life, peace in life, attachment to spouse, feeling valuable, and feeling happy in life. This key concept includes 12 primary concepts. Similarly, the key concept of facing Hawou: from conflict to pity involves three secondary concepts - contradiction with Hawou, indifference to Hawou, and identification with Hawou - and a total of 10 primary concepts. Result Based on observations and studies conducted in the field, the findings suggest that polygamy is no longer considered an acceptable norm for women in the current study area. This contradicts the notion that it was once perceived as a cultural and relativistic matter. The phenomenon is viewed as painful for women sharing similar conditions, religion, and culture, just as it is for women with differing religions and conditions. This highlights a crucial aspect, revealing that despite some considering polygamy as a cultural and religious matter, assessed in accordance with the culture and traditions of the region, the acceptance or rejection of this phenomenon by women transcends religious and cultural boundaries. It becomes evident that the non-acceptance of polygamy is a shared internal sentiment among all women, emphasizing its universality and underscoring that it goes beyond cultural and religious affiliations. References Abdullah, R. (2008). Inserting stipulation pertaining to polygamy in a marriage contract in Muslim countries. Al-Jami Journal of Islamic studies, 46(1), 154-169. Alaeerahmani, F. (2005). Adjudicative divorce. Social-Psychological Studies of Women, 3(8), 47-65. (In Persian) Alam, S. & Sohaimi bin Lazim, A. (2010). A General understanding of polygamy among upsi communities: Problems and prospects. Ozean journal of Social Sciences, 3(2), 185-191. Alinaghian, S. & Roustakhiz, B. (2018). A phenomenological study on polygamy as a family structure in Chabahar, Balochistan. Iranian Journal of Anthropological Research, 8(1), 95-117. (In Persian) Al-Issa, I. (1995). Handbook of culture and Mental Illness: An International Perspective. Madison, CT: International University Press. Al-Krenawi, A. (2012). A study of psychological symptoms, family function, marital and life satisfactions of polygamous and monogamous women: The Palestinian case. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 58(1), 79-86. Al-Krenawi, A. & Graham, J. (2006). A comparison of family functioning, life and marital satisfaction, psychiatry and mental health of women in polygamous marriages. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 51(2), 5–17. Al-Sharfi, A. (2017). The Effect of Family Structure on Adolescents in Saudi Arabia: A comparison Between Adolescents from Monogamous and Polygamous Families. Ph. D. Dissertation. University of Lincoln. Al-Sharfi, M., Pfeffer, K. & Miller, K. (2015). The effects of polygamy on children and adolescents: A systematic review. Journl of Family Studies, 22, 272-286. Arif, N. & Fatima, I. (2015). Marital satisfaction in different type of marriages. Pakistan Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 1(13), 36-40. Azam, F., Rubab, I., Salahuddin, A. & Usman, A. (2021). Polygamy in Islam: cultural pressures and religious justifications in Pakistan. Journal of Islamic Thought and Civilization, 2(11), 245-257. Baliy, E. (2013). Critical reflections on polygamy in the African Christion context. Missionalia Journal, 2(41), 164-181. Berzonsky, M. D., Tammi, K. & Kinney A. (2014). Comparison between quality of life and psychological distress in monogamy and dichotomy. Journal of Personality, 80, 135-161. Boltz, M. & Chort, I. (2015). The risk of polygamy and wives saving behavior. Paris School of Economic Working Papers, 33(1), 1-51. Daoud, N., Shoham-Vardi, I., Urquia, M. & O'Campo, P. (2014). Polygamy and poor mental among Arab bedouin women: Do socioeconomic position and social support matter? Ethnicity & Health, 19(4), 385-405. Dashteyane, S., Zare, S. & Khoramdel, K. (2021). Polygamy and its psychosocial outcomes for women (an evolutionary bio-psychological systematic review). Shenakht Journal of Psychology and Psychiatry, 9(34), 63-82. (In Persian) Dierickx, S., Coene, G., Jarju, B. & Longman, C. (2019). Women with infertility complying with and resisting polygyny: An explorative qualitative study in Urban Gambia. Reproductive Health, 103(16), 1-11. Ebrahim, A., U. Lingga, J., Boquia, A. & Samama, N. (2017). Women in polygynous marriages; Their perception an experiences. Philippine Journal of Psychology, 50(1), 27-45. Elbedour, S., Anthony, J. & Abu-Saad, H. (2002). Effect of polygamous marital structure on behavioral, emotional and academic adjustment in children: A comprehensive review of the literature. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 5(4), 255- 271. Emami, M. (2021). Observance of justice in polygamy. Figh, 20(4), 4-22. (In Persian) Esmaeeli, Q., Afshani, A., Fallah, M. & Vaziri, S. (2019). Qualitative exploration of the causes and context of men's polygamy. Social Psychology Research, 9(34), 63-82. (In Persian) Farahmand, M. & Rezvani, Z. (2019). Structure and family performance in polygamous and monogamy families. Journal of Applied Sociology, 3(75), 134-154. (In Persian) Gadban, F. & Goldner, L. (2020). I have no hope: The experience of mothers in polygamous families as manifested in drawings and narratives. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1-10. Ghulam, A. (2012). Polygamy and the nature of marriage in Islam and West. Faculty of Law, University of Toronto, 1-55. Hassouneh, D. (2001). Polygamy and wife abuse: A qualitative study of Muslim women in America. Health Care for Women International, 22(8), 735-748. Hayase, Y. & Liaw, K. (1997). Factors on polygamy in Sub-Sahran in Africa: findings based on the demographic and health surveys. The Developing Economies, 35(3), 293-327. Ishiaku, S. (2014). Challenges of Muslim on polygyny in the modern societies: An Islamic perspective. Journal of Modern Education Review, 12(4), 1068-1075. Mehrabadi, M. (2009). Iranian woman according to foreign travel writers. Tehran: Afarinesh and Rozgar Publications. (In Persian) Mohammadi, N. & Sharifi, S. (2017). Sociology of polygamous families: Study of health, dignity and satisfaction in polygamous families. Tehran: Sociologists, First edition. (In Persian) Mohammadtaghizade, M. & Hamidisouha, Z. (2017). Pathology of the problem of polygamy in Iranian law and procedure. Woman in Culture and Art, 9(2), 265-289. (In Persian) Nasti Zaei, N. (2005). Effective factors in polygamy from the point of view of Baloch students. Educational Psychology Studies, 5, 63-76. (In Persian) Ozkan, M., Atli, A. & Okan Ibiloglu, A. (2018). Negative effects of polygamy on family members in the province of Diyarbakir, Turkey. Cukurova Medical Journal, 43(4), 982-988. Panahi, R., Amouzeshi, Z., Amiuzeshi, A., Jomefourjan, S. & Shakhsemampour, B. (2015). Comparison of quality of life and social interaction in marriages of monogamy and polygamy. Journal of Adolescent, 35(2), 5-461. Phillips, A. & Jones, J. (1985). Polygamy in Islam. Tawheed Publishers, Riyadh Saudi Arabic. Ramazan Nargesi, R. (2004). Reflection of polygamy in society. Women’s Strategic Studies, 20(4), 4-22. (In Persian) Shaikhi, M. & Mohammadi, N. (2007). A comparative analysis of family relationships in monogamous and polygamous families. Woman in Development and Politics, 6(4), 183-207. (In Persian) Shojaee, Z. & Honarparvaran, N. (2021). Phenomenology of the quality of life of first married women in polygamous families. Applied Family Therapy, 1(4), 89-104. (In Persian) Sinai, M. & Peleg, O. (2020). Marital interactions and experiences of women living in polygamy: An exploratory study. International Journal of Psychology, 56(2), 361-377. Slonim-Nevo, V. & Al-Krenawi, A. (2006). Success and failure among polygamous families: The experience of wives, husband, and children. Family Process, 45(3), 311-330. Thobejane, T. & Flora, T. (2014). An exploration of polygamous marriages: A worldview. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 27(5), 1056-1066. Vahadani, H. (2016). Examining the views of Orientalists on the verses of polygamy. Master's thesis in the field of Holy Qur'an Sciences, Mashhad Qur'an Education Faculty, University of Holy Qur'an Sciences and Education, 1-154. (In Persian) | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| polygamy, polygyny, phenomenology, lived experience, Minab city | ||
| مراجع | ||
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(1395). بررسی دیدگاه مستشرقان در مورد آیات تعدد زوجات. پایاننامه کارشناسی ارشد در رشته علوم قرآن مجید، دانشکده تربیت مدرس قرآن مشهد، دانشگاه علوم و معارف قرآن کریم، 154-1. Abdullah, R. (2008). Inserting stipulation pertaining to polygamy in a marriage contract in Muslim countries. Al-Jami Journal of Islamic studies, 46(1), 154-169. Alaeerahmani, F. (2005). Adjudicative divorce. Social-Psychological Studies of Women, 3(8), 47-65. (In Persian) Alam, S. & Sohaimi bin Lazim, A. (2010). A General understanding of polygamy among upsi communities: Problems and prospects. Ozean journal of Social Sciences, 3(2), 185-191. Alinaghian, S. & Roustakhiz, B. (2018). A phenomenological study on polygamy as a family structure in Chabahar, Balochistan. Iranian Journal of Anthropological Research, 8(1), 95-117. (In Persian) Al-Issa, I. (1995). Handbook of culture and Mental Illness: An International Perspective. Madison, CT: International University Press. Al-Krenawi, A. (2012). A study of psychological symptoms, family function, marital and life satisfactions of polygamous and monogamous women: The Palestinian case. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 58(1), 79-86. Al-Krenawi, A. & Graham, J. (2006). A comparison of family functioning, life and marital satisfaction, psychiatry and mental health of women in polygamous marriages. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 51(2), 5–17. Al-Sharfi, A. (2017). The Effect of Family Structure on Adolescents in Saudi Arabia: A comparison Between Adolescents from Monogamous and Polygamous Families. Ph. D. Dissertation. University of Lincoln. Al-Sharfi, M., Pfeffer, K. & Miller, K. (2015). The effects of polygamy on children and adolescents: A systematic review. Journl of Family Studies, 22, 272-286. Arif, N. & Fatima, I. (2015). Marital satisfaction in different type of marriages. Pakistan Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 1(13), 36-40. Azam, F., Rubab, I., Salahuddin, A. & Usman, A. (2021). Polygamy in Islam: cultural pressures and religious justifications in Pakistan. Journal of Islamic Thought and Civilization, 2(11), 245-257. Baliy, E. (2013). Critical reflections on polygamy in the African Christion context. Missionalia Journal, 2(41), 164-181. Berzonsky, M. D., Tammi, K. & Kinney A. (2014). Comparison between quality of life and psychological distress in monogamy and dichotomy. Journal of Personality, 80, 135-161. Boltz, M. & Chort, I. (2015). The risk of polygamy and wives saving behavior. Paris School of Economic Working Papers, 33(1), 1-51. Daoud, N., Shoham-Vardi, I., Urquia, M. & O'Campo, P. (2014). Polygamy and poor mental among Arab bedouin women: Do socioeconomic position and social support matter? Ethnicity & Health, 19(4), 385-405. Dashteyane, S., Zare, S. & Khoramdel, K. (2021). Polygamy and its psychosocial outcomes for women (an evolutionary bio-psychological systematic review). Shenakht Journal of Psychology and Psychiatry, 9(34), 63-82. 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Structure and family performance in polygamous and monogamy families. Journal of Applied Sociology, 3(75), 134-154. (In Persian) Gadban, F. & Goldner, L. (2020). I have no hope: The experience of mothers in polygamous families as manifested in drawings and narratives. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1-10. Ghulam, A. (2012). Polygamy and the nature of marriage in Islam and West. Faculty of Law, University of Toronto, 1-55. Hassouneh, D. (2001). Polygamy and wife abuse: A qualitative study of Muslim women in America. Health Care for Women International, 22(8), 735-748. Hayase, Y. & Liaw, K. (1997). Factors on polygamy in Sub-Sahran in Africa: findings based on the demographic and health surveys. The Developing Economies, 35(3), 293-327. Ishiaku, S. (2014). Challenges of Muslim on polygyny in the modern societies: An Islamic perspective. Journal of Modern Education Review, 12(4), 1068-1075. Mehrabadi, M. (2009). Iranian woman according to foreign travel writers. 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