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مطالعه درک و تصور زنان شاغل از تحقیر و راهبردهای آنها در جهت مقابله با آن مورد مطالعه زنان شاغل شهر ماکو | ||
| مطالعات اجتماعی روان شناختی زنان | ||
| دوره 21، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 74، فروردین 1402، صفحه 37-64 اصل مقاله (829.69 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22051/jwsps.2023.37576.2498 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| فریبا میر اسکندری* 1؛ شیوا آقاپور2؛ روزا کرم پور3 | ||
| 1استادیار گروه جامعه شناسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران مرکز، تهران ، ایران. (نویسنده مسئول) far.mireskandari@iauctb.ac.ir | ||
| 2دانشجوی دکتری مردم شناسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحدتهران مرکز، تهران ، ایرانa_shiva90@yahoo.com | ||
| 3استادیار گروه جامعه شناسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران مرکز، تهران، ایران. rosakarampour@yahoo.com | ||
| چکیده | ||
| چکیده تحقیر زنان شاغل در محیط‌های کاری از جمله آسیب‌های اجتماعی شایعی است که پیامدهای متعددی می‌تواند داشته باشد. پژوهش حاضر تلاشی است برای مطالعه درک و تصوران زنان شاغل از تحقیر اجتماعی و راهبردهایی که آنها در مقابل تحقیر اجتماعی اتخاذ می‌کنند. برای تحلیل این مسئله از روش کیفی (نظریة زمینه‌ای) استفاده شده است و با بهره‌گیری از روش نمونه‌گیری هدف‌مند با 40 نفر از زنان شاغل شهرستان ماکو مصاحبة نیمه‌ساخت یافته انجام شده است. برای اعتبار و اعتمادبخشی به داده‌ها، از قابلیت اعتبار یا اعتبارپذیری، انتقال‌پذیری، قابلیت اعتماد و قابلیت تأیید استفاده شده است. پس از تحلیل اطلاعات بر اساس مراحل سه‌گانه کدگذاری (باز، محوری، گزینشی) در خصوص درک و تصور زنان شاغل از تحقیر در مرحلة کدگذاری باز، 25 مفهوم یا کد باز استخراج شد و در مرحله کدگذاری محوری پس از بررسی دقیق میان مفاهیم و برقرای پیوند بین مفاهیم، 5 مقوله بدست آمد که نشان‌دهنده درک و تصور زنان شاغل از تحقیر اجتماعی می‌باشد. این مقولات عبارتند از: کلیشه‌های جنسیتی، تبعیض جنسیتی؛ خشونت؛ بی‌اعتمادی، و تجاوز به حقوق زنان. با انتزاع و ترکیب 5 مقوله محوری تحقیق در مرحلة کدگذاری گزینشی، مقوله هسته نهایی تحت عنوان تحقیر اجتماعی ظهور کرد که تمامی مقولات محوری را تحت پوشش قرار می‌دهد. همچنین زنان در موقعیت تحقیر با سه واکنش یا راهبرد رو به رو می‌شوند: پذیرش وضع موجود، مقاومت و بازاندیشی. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| کلید واژگان: تحقیر؛ تحقیر اجتماعی؛ زنان شاغل | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Studying the Perception of Employed Women of Humiliation and Their Strategies to Deal with it Case study orking Women in Mako City | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Fariba Miraskandary1؛ Shiva Aghapour2؛ Rosa Karampour3 | ||
| 1Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, Responsible Author: far.mireskandari@iauctb.ac.ir. (Corresponding Author) | ||
| 2Ph.D Student, Department of Sociology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. a_shiva90@yahoo.com | ||
| 3Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. rosakarampour@yahoo.com | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| The humiliation of working women is a widespread social problem that has diverse consequences. This study aims to investigate working women's perceptions of humiliation in the workplace and their strategies for coping with it. To examine this issue, a qualitative approach was employed. Using purposive sampling and in-depth semi-structured interviews, 40 women from both public and private sectors were surveyed in Mako city. To ensure the validity, credibility, reliability, and transferability of the data, various measures were taken. Based on the three coding stages (open, axial, and selective) to explore working women's perceptions of humiliation, we extracted 25 concepts or open codes in the open coding stage. By linking these concepts, we obtained five categories that represent working women's perceptions of social humiliation. These categories include gender stereotypes, gender discrimination, violence, distrust, and violation of women's rights. Through abstracting and integrating these central categories in the selective coding stage, the core category of "social humiliation" was identified, which covers all the main categories. The study also found that women in situations of humiliation resort to three strategies: acceptance, resistance, and reconsideration. Humiliation, Social Humiliation, Employed Women. Introduction Many working women have experienced discrimination and various difficulties and harms in the workplace, including humiliation. Yet, the issue of humiliation of working women has not been thoroughly examined from a sociological perspective, and prior evaluations have primarily relied on mental perceptions and relatively superficial information. The lack of sociological research on this topic in Iran highlights the insufficient attention paid to the situation of employed women. Therefore, the aim of this study is to address the following questions: What specific examples do women provide regarding their experiences of humiliation, and what strategies do they employ to cope with it? Methodology The research utilized a qualitative method, employing the semi-structured in-depth interview technique to collect data. The sample group consisted of employed women in Mako city, chosen through a purposive sampling method. A total of 40 women working in both public and private sectors in Mako city were interviewed until data saturation was reached. Result Upon analyzing the collected data using the three coding stages (open, axial, selective), 25 open codes were identified during the open coding stage. Through linking the concepts, five categories were developed indicating working women's perceptions of humiliation. These categories were: gender stereotypes, gender discrimination, violence, distrust, and violation of women's rights. Through abstraction and integration of these five central categories during the selective coding stage, the final core category emerged as "social humiliation," encompassing all of the central categories. Based on participant responses, women adopt three strategies when confronted with humiliating situations: acceptance, resistance, and reconsideration. References Anderson, J. W. (1989). A comparison of Arab and American conceptions of “effective”; Persuasion. Howard Journal of Communications, 2(1), 81-96. Burton, P., Phipps, S. & Curtis, L. (2002). All in the family: A simultaneous model of parenting style and child conduct. American Economic Review, 92(2), 368-372. Czarniawska, B. (2008). Humiliation: A standard organizational product?. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 19(7), 1034-1053. Darvishfar, A., Jask, M. & Faizipour, K. (2015). Employed women’s experience working in manufacturing workshops. Juornal of A Research Journal on Social Work, 2(5), 77-108. (In Persian) Denzin, N. K. & Lincoln, Y. S. (2011). The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research. SAGE Publications, Inc. Fangen, K. (2006). Humiliation experienced by Somali refugees in Norway. Journal of Refugee Studies, 19(1), 69-93. Flick, U. (2018). Doing Grounded Theory (Vol. 9). Sage. Giddens, A. & Birdsall, K. (2006). Sociology. Polity Press. Golabi, F., Alizadeh Aghdam, M. &Zarezadeh Ardashir, L. (2018). Parenting style and feelings of humiliation, the study of women over 15 years of age living in 10 areas in Tabriz. Journal of Woman in Culture Arts, 10(3), 351-380. (In Persian) Hartling, L. M., Lindner, E., Spalthoff, U. & Britton, M. (2013). Humiliation: a nuclear bomb of emotions?. Psicología Política. Hartling, L. M. & Luchetta, T. (1999). Humiliation: Assessing the impact of derision, degradation, and debasement. Journal of Primary Prevention, 19(4), 259-278. Hosseini, S. & Dashti, M. (2012). A Study of gender stereotypes in the Iranian literature: The case of Al-e-Ahmad's fictions. Global Media Journal-Persian Edition, 7(1), 64-27. (In Persian) Husum, T. L., Thorvarsdottir, V., Aasland, O. & Pedersen, R. (2020). It comes with the territory’-Staff experience with violation and humiliation in mental health Care-A mixed method study. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 71, 101610. Javid, M. & Shahmoradi, E. (2013). Working women issues: A case study of women working in judicial systems. Women's Strategic Studies, 15(60), 73-110. (In Persian) Jogdand, Y., Khan, S. & Reicher, S. (2020). The context, content, and claims of humiliation in response to collective victimhood. The Social Psychology of Collective Victimhood, 77. Klein, D. C. (1991). The humiliation dynamic: Viewing the task of prevention from a new perspective, special issue. Journal of Primary Prevention, Part I, 12(2). Kozusżnik, B. (2017). Humiliation: Why we deserve respect at work. An Introduction to Work and Organizational Psychology: An International Perspective, 498-505. Lindner, E. (2006). Making Enemies: Humiliation and international conflict. Praeger Security International. Lindner, E. G. (2001). Humiliation and human rights: Mapping a minefield. Human Rights Review, 2(2), 46-46. Mansour, M. (2016). Feeling Inferior. University of Tehran Press. (In Persian) Najafi, F., Fallahi-Khoshknab, M., Dalvandi, A., Ahmadi, F. & Rahgozar, M. (2014). Workplace violence against Iranian nurses: A systematic review. Journal of Health Promotion Management, 3(2), 72-85. (In Persian) Rahmani, F., Ebrahimi, H. & Asghari, E. (2015). Workplace violence, its determinants and reaction toward it perceived by nurses working in psychiatric wards: A cross-sectional study. Iran Journal of Nursing, 28(97), 1-10. Sadaghi Fasaee, S. & Nikdel, N. (2016). Gender-related analysis of social humiliation in inter-individual relationships: A qualitative study. Women Studies, 7(15), 99-125. (In Persian) Sadeghi Fassaei, S. & Nikdel, N. (2015). Qualitative study of agents perception on social humiliation. Journal of Applied Sociology, 26(2), 41-58. (In Persian) Seguino, S. (2000). Gender inequality and economic growth: A cross-country analysis. World Development, 28(7), 1211-1230. Shalchi, S. & Gholizadeh, S. (2018). Experience of social exclusion of women in informal settlements (Case study: Islamabad neighborhood of Tehran). Urban Sociological Studies, 8(27), 143-174. (In Persian) Sharbatian, M. H., Danesh, P. & Tavafi, P. (2017). Sociological analysis of domestic violence against women and its impact on the sense of security (Case study 18 women 54 years in Miyaneh). Strategic Rssearch on Social Problems in Iran University of Isfahan, 6(1), 47-72. (In Persian) Stark, O. & Fan, C. S. (2011). Migration for degrading work as an escape from humiliation. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 77(3), 241-247. Strauss, A. & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of Qualitative Research Techniques. Sage. Torres, W. J. & Bergner, R. M. (2010). Humiliation: Its nature and consequences. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online, 38(2), 195-204. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Humiliation, Social Humiliation, Employed Women | ||
| مراجع | ||
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جاوید، محمد‌جواد و شاهمرادی، عصمت. (۱۳۹۲). آسیب‌شناسی حقوقی زنان شاغل (با محوریت دستگاه قضایی). مطالعات راهبردی زنان، ۱۵(۶۰)، 110-73. حسینی، سیدحسن و دشتی، منصوره. (۱۳۹۱). بازنمایی کلیشه‌های جنسیتی در رسانه: مطالعه ادبیات داستانی آل احمد. جهانی رسانه، ۷(۱۳)، 64-27. درویش‌فر، علی اصغر.، جسک، میترا و فیضی‌پور، خدیجه. (۱۳۹۴). تجربه زیسته زنان شاغل در کارگاه‌های تولیدی. پژوهشنامه مددکاری اجتماعی، ۲(۵)، 108-77. شالچی، سمیه و قلیزاده، صفیه. (۱۳۹۷). تجربه طرد اجتماعی زنان در سکونت‌گاه‌های غیررسمی (مورد مطالعه: محله اسلام آباد تهران). مطالعات جامعه‌شناختی شهری، ۸(۲۷)، 174-143. شربتیان، محمد‌حسن.، دانش، پروانه و طوافی، پویا. (۱۳۹۶). تحلیل جامعه‌شناختی خشونت خانگی علیه زنان و تأثیر آن بر احساس امنیت (مطالعه موردی ۱۸ زن ۵۴ ساله شهرستان میانه). پژوهش راهبردی مسائل اجتماعی در ایران دانشگاه اصفهان، ۶(۱)، 72-47. صادقی‌فسایی، سهیلا و نیکدل، نرمین. (۱۳۹۴). مطالعه کیفی از نحوه درک و تصور کنشگران از مصادیق تحقیر اجتماعی. جامعه‌شناسی کاربردی، ۲۶(۲)، 58-41. صادقی‌فسایی، سهیلا و نیکدل، نرمین. (۱۳۹۵). تحلیل جنسیتی از تحقیر اجتماعی در روابط بین‌فردی (مطالعه کیفی). زن در توسعه و سیاست، ۷(۱۵)، 125-99. گلابی، فاطمه.، علیزاده‌اقدم، محمدباقر و زارع‌زاده اردشیر، لیلا. (۱۳۹۷). سبک فرزندپروری و احساس تحقیرشدگی (مطالعه زنان بالای ۱۵ سال ساکن در مناطق ده‌گانه شهر تبریز). زن در فرهنگ و هنر، ۱۰(۳)، 380-۳۵۱. منصور، محمود. (۱۳۹۶). احساس کهتری. تهران: انتشارات دانشگاه تهران. نجفی، فرشته.، فلاحی‌خشکناب، مسعود.، دالوندی، اصغر.، احمدی، فضل‌اله و رهگذر، مهدی. (1393). خشونت محل کار علیه پرستاران ایرانی: مروری نظامند. مدیریت ارتقای سلامت، 3(۲)، 85-72. Anderson, J. W. (1989). A comparison of Arab and American conceptions of “effective”; Persuasion. Howard Journal of Communications, 2(1), 81-96. Burton, P., Phipps, S. & Curtis, L. (2002). All in the family: A simultaneous model of parenting style and child conduct. American Economic Review, 92(2), 368-372. Czarniawska, B. (2008). Humiliation: A standard organizational product?. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 19(7), 1034-1053. Darvishfar, A., Jask, M. & Faizipour, K. (2015). Employed women’s experience working in manufacturing workshops. Juornal of A Research Journal on Social Work, 2(5), 77-108. (In Persian) Denzin, N. K. & Lincoln, Y. S. (2011). The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research. SAGE Publications, Inc. Fangen, K. (2006). Humiliation experienced by Somali refugees in Norway. Journal of Refugee Studies, 19(1), 69-93. Flick, U. (2018). Doing Grounded Theory (Vol. 9). Sage. Giddens, A. & Birdsall, K. (2006). Sociology. Polity Press. Golabi, F., Alizadeh Aghdam, M. &Zarezadeh Ardashir, L. (2018). Parenting style and feelings of humiliation, the study of women over 15 years of age living in 10 areas in Tabriz. Journal of Woman in Culture Arts, 10(3), 351-380. (In Persian) Hartling, L. M., Lindner, E., Spalthoff, U. & Britton, M. (2013). Humiliation: a nuclear bomb of emotions?. Psicología Política. Hartling, L. M. & Luchetta, T. (1999). Humiliation: Assessing the impact of derision, degradation, and debasement. Journal of Primary Prevention, 19(4), 259-278. Hosseini, S. & Dashti, M. (2012). A Study of gender stereotypes in the Iranian literature: The case of Al-e-Ahmad's fictions. Global Media Journal-Persian Edition, 7(1), 64-27. (In Persian) Husum, T. L., Thorvarsdottir, V., Aasland, O. & Pedersen, R. (2020). It comes with the territory’-Staff experience with violation and humiliation in mental health Care-A mixed method study. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 71, 101610. Javid, M. & Shahmoradi, E. (2013). Working women issues: A case study of women working in judicial systems. Women's Strategic Studies, 15(60), 73-110. (In Persian) Jogdand, Y., Khan, S. & Reicher, S. (2020). The context, content, and claims of humiliation in response to collective victimhood. The Social Psychology of Collective Victimhood, 77. Klein, D. C. (1991). The humiliation dynamic: Viewing the task of prevention from a new perspective, special issue. Journal of Primary Prevention, Part I, 12(2). Kozusżnik, B. (2017). Humiliation: Why we deserve respect at work. An Introduction to Work and Organizational Psychology: An International Perspective, 498-505. Lindner, E. (2006). Making Enemies: Humiliation and international conflict. Praeger Security International. Lindner, E. G. (2001). Humiliation and human rights: Mapping a minefield. Human Rights Review, 2(2), 46-46. Mansour, M. (2016). Feeling Inferior. University of Tehran Press. (In Persian) Najafi, F., Fallahi-Khoshknab, M., Dalvandi, A., Ahmadi, F. & Rahgozar, M. (2014). Workplace violence against Iranian nurses: A systematic review. Journal of Health Promotion Management, 3(2), 72-85. (In Persian) Rahmani, F., Ebrahimi, H. & Asghari, E. (2015). Workplace violence, its determinants and reaction toward it perceived by nurses working in psychiatric wards: A cross-sectional study. Iran Journal of Nursing, 28(97), 1-10. Sadaghi Fasaee, S. & Nikdel, N. (2016). Gender-related analysis of social humiliation in inter-individual relationships: A qualitative study. Women Studies, 7(15), 99-125. (In Persian) Sadeghi Fassaei, S. & Nikdel, N. (2015). Qualitative study of agents perception on social humiliation. Journal of Applied Sociology, 26(2), 41-58. (In Persian) Seguino, S. (2000). Gender inequality and economic growth: A cross-country analysis. World Development, 28(7), 1211-1230. Shalchi, S. & Gholizadeh, S. (2018). Experience of social exclusion of women in informal settlements (Case study: Islamabad neighborhood of Tehran). Urban Sociological Studies, 8(27), 143-174. (In Persian) Sharbatian, M. H., Danesh, P. & Tavafi, P. (2017). Sociological analysis of domestic violence against women and its impact on the sense of security (Case study 18 women 54 years in Miyaneh). Strategic Rssearch on Social Problems in Iran University of Isfahan, 6(1), 47-72. (In Persian) Stark, O. & Fan, C. S. (2011). Migration for degrading work as an escape from humiliation. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 77(3), 241-247. Strauss, A. & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of Qualitative Research Techniques. Sage. Torres, W. J. & Bergner, R. M. (2010). Humiliation: Its nature and consequences. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online, 38(2), 195-204. | ||
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