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مطالعه پدیدارشناسانه تجربه زنان ازخشونت خانگی در سکونتگاه های غیررسمی مشهد | ||
| مطالعات اجتماعی روان شناختی زنان | ||
| مقاله 2، دوره 22، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 78، فروردین 1403، صفحه 32-66 اصل مقاله (1.35 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22051/jwsps.2022.40179.2620 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| سیمین فروغ زاده* 1؛ سعید شریعتی مزینانی2؛ کبری اکابری3 | ||
| 1مربی گروه توسعه پایدار شهری و منطقه‌ای جهاد دانشگاهی خراسان رضوی، مشهد، ایران. s.foroughzade@jdm.ac.ir | ||
| 2مربی مرکز علمی کاربردی جهاد دانشگاهی خراسان رضوی، مشهد، ایران. (نویسنده مسئول) shariatima@jdm.ac.ir | ||
| 3پژوهشگر جهاد دانشگاهی خراسان رضوی و کارشناس دفتر تسهیل‌گری در منطقه التیمور، مشهد، ایران. abiaseman57@yahoo.com | ||
| چکیده | ||
| خشونت علیه زنان یک مشکل مهم بهداشت عمومی جهانی است که زنان را در طول عمر تحت تاثیر قرار میدهد و خطر برخی پیامدهای سلامتی زیانبار را افزایش میدهد.این پژوهش به واکاوی تجربه20 زن متأهل ساکن درسکونتگاه غیررسمی التیمور مشهد از انواع خشونت خانگی می پردازد و در این چارچوب،زمینهها و پیامدهای خشونت از سوی همسران و در نهایت، واکنشها و شیوههای مواجهه زنان با آن را بررسی میکند.چهارسنخ کلی خشونت شامل خشونت فیزیکی،عاطفی و روانی،جنسی و اقتصادی استخراج شد.درخصوص عوامل وقوع خشونت در خانه،زنان مورد مطالعه به عدم قابلیت بازاندیشی جنسیتی،گسست عاطفی،اعتیاد،بیماری های عصبی و فشار اقتصادی اشاره کردند.پیامدهای خشونت از نظرمصاحبه شوندگان شامل بحث و تنش دائمی بین زن و شوهر و تاثیررفتار همسر برفرزندان از حیث تقلید الگوی پدر و آسیب روحی و روانی بر فرزندان در خانه بود.در زمینه شیوههای مواجهه زنان با خشونت،یافتهها نشان داد که زنان قربانی خشونت غالباً از واکنشهای غیرفعال استفاده میکنند،نظیر صبر و مدارا،توسل به اعتقادات مذهبی و توکل، مخفی کردن خشونت و نادیده گرفتن آن.از سوی دیگر، واکنش های فعال به خشونت بسیار نادر است که به شکل مقابله به مثل،گفت و گو با همسر و تلاش برای اصلاح وضعیت رخ میدهد. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| خشونت خانگی؛ زنان؛ سکونتگاه غیر رسمی؛ مشهد؛ التیمور | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| A phenomenological study of women's experience of domestic violence in the informal settlements of Mashhad | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Simin Foroughzadeh1؛ Saeed Shariati Mazinani2؛ Kobra Akabri3 | ||
| 1Research Instructor, Academic staff of Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture & Research (ACECR), Khorasan Razavi Branch. Iran. s.foroughzade@jdm.ac.ir | ||
| 2Research Instructor, Academic staff of The Institute of Applied Science and Technology of Jahad Daneshgahi Mashhad, Iran. shariatima@jdm.ac.ir. (Corresponding Author) | ||
| 3Social Researcher of Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture & Research (ACECR), Khorasan Razavi Branch, Iran & Local Development Office Expert in Al-Timur Region, Mashhad, abiaseman57@yahoo.com | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Violence against women is a significant global public health issue that affects women throughout their lives and increases the risk of various adverse health outcomes. This research examines the experiences of 20 married women living in the informal settlement of Al-Timor, Mashhad. It explores various types of domestic violence, the context and consequences of spousal violence, and the victims' reactions and coping mechanisms. Four general types of violence were identified: physical, emotional and psychological, sexual, and economic violence. Regarding the factors contributing to violence at home, the women studied cited gender norms, emotional breakdowns, addiction, mental health issues, and economic pressures. According to the interviewees, the consequences of violence include ongoing conflict and tension between spouses and the negative impact of the husband's behavior on children, including emotional and psychological harm.Regarding how women cope with violence, the findings indicate that those affected often adopt passive responses such as endurance, relying on religious beliefs and trust, and concealing or ignoring the violence. Active responses, such as seeking reciprocity, engaging in dialogue with their spouse, and attempting to address the situation, are rare. Domestic Violence, Women, Informal Settlement, Mashhad, El-Timur Introduction Domestic violence against women occurs in all settings, but it is generally more prevalent in informal settlements than in the main urban areas of cities. Women living in informal settlements on the outskirts of cities face challenges such as poverty, insecurity, unemployment, weak social and legal support, and limited social capital. Additionally, the prevailing gender norms in these neighborhoods often increase their vulnerability to violence. Marginalized women who migrate to major cities in search of better living conditions are particularly at risk due to their significant role in supporting their families. Therefore, women in informal settlements constitute one of the most vulnerable groups, and studying their circumstances has been emphasized in sustainable development literature. In Iran, despite the lack of comprehensive data, information published in the past decade indicates a significant prevalence of domestic violence against women. Methodology The purpose of this research is to understand women's common experiences of domestic violence. Therefore, the phenomenological method, which focuses on people's lived experiences and their perception and interpretation of the world, was utilized. Preliminary exploratory interviews were conducted to prepare a semi-structured interview format. The research sample was selected using a targeted sampling method, and in-depth interviews were conducted with 20 married women living in the Al-Timur region who had experienced domestic violence. Each interview lasted 50 to 60 minutes in an informal setting, fostering a face-to-face relationship with the participants. After each interview, the recorded data were transcribed, and the stages of coding, classification, and data analysis were performed using MAXQDA software and the analysis method introduced by Moustakas. The process consisted of six steps: Introduction (statement of problems and questions) Research process and procedure (phenomenological assumptions, data collection, analysis, results) Extracting meaningful and important propositions Interpreting the meanings of the propositions Identifying themes from the propositions Providing a full description of the phenomenon. Findings After analyzing the interviews, categories and sub-categories were obtained, the result of which was four common types of violence perpetrated at home (physical, emotional and psychological, sexual, and economic) by husbands. The interviewees pointed to areas such as the inability to rethink gender, emotional breakdown, addiction, neurological diseases, and economic pressure as the conditions for the occurrence of violence in the home. Violence against women can be referred to constant arguments and tension between spouses and the impact of the father's behavior on the children in terms of imitating the father's example and emotional and psychological harm to the children at home. The findings of the research showed that in the context of women's ways of dealing with violence, the use of structural strategies by women is very limited and mostly cognitive, behavioral, and single-factor, and in a few cases, it relies on interaction and involving the spouse. Result According to the findings, women victims of violence have low education levels. Therefore, improving their knowledge and awareness can reduce their vulnerability to such behaviors to some extent. Another cause of violence against women is poverty and the poor economic status of the family. According to resource theory, a husband who has access to fewer resources uses violence to assert his superiority. These individuals release their frustration in accessing sources of power by resorting to violence against their spouses. Men who misbehave with their wives live in a culture where men dominate the family. One characteristic of this culture is the approval of men's aggression, male dominance, and women's obedience. In societies and families where patriarchal thinking exists, the use of power is often employed to affirm men's privileges. The results indicate that another cause of domestic violence is the powerlessness of women in the family structure. In most of the interviews, the pattern of authoritarian and patriarchal relationships was evident. Women did not have a role in making decisions or effecting changes in the family, or their role was very insignificant. Therefore, one cause of violence can be considered the existence of anti-feminist patterns, as it is believed that violence against women is a confirmation of a specific type of social order and a result of social and cultural beliefs that make women less important and less valuable than men, deeming them unworthy of respect. References Abbott, P. & Wallace, C. (2012). Sociology of women. Translated by Manijeh Najm Iraqi.Tehran: Nay Publishing. (In Persian( Aarabi, S. M. & Boudlaie, H. (2011). Phenomenological research strategy. Methodology of Social Sociences and Humanities, 17(68), 31-58. (In Persian) Adekey, O., Abimbola, O. & Adeusi, S. (2011). Domestic violence in a semi-urban neighbourhood. Gender and Behaviour, 9(2), 4247-4261. Aliverdinia, A., Riahi, M. E. & Farhadi. M. (2011). Social analysis of husbands’ violence against wives: A theoretical model and empirical test. Journal of Social Problems of Iran, 2(2), 95-127. (In Persian) Azazi, S. (2004). Society structure and violence against women. Social Welfare Quarterly, 4(14), 59-96. (In Persian) Blanca, M. R., Bonnie, E. C. & Louise, A. M. (2004). Lifetime abuse, mental health,and African American women. Journal of Family Violence ,19(3), 153–164. Bagrezaei, P., Zanjani, H. & Seifollahi, S. (2017). A Meta-Analysis of the studies on the violence of husbands against wives in Iran. The Women and Families Cultural- Education ,11(38),71-97.(In Persian) Bandura, A. (1993). Social Learning Theory. Translated by Farhad Maher. Shiraz: Rahgosha Publishing. (In Persian) BaniFatemeh, H., Abbaszadeh, M., Alizadeh Aghdam, B. & Mohammadpour, N. (2019). Stress and violence against women: A qualitative research. Woman in Development &Politics, 16(4), 581-602. (In Persian) Bourey, C., Williams, W., Bernstein, E. E. & Stephenson, R .(2015). Systematic review of structural interventions for intimate partner violence in low- and middle-income countries: Organizing evidence for prevention. BMC Public Health, 15, 1-18. Bungon, S. (2004) .Understanding wife abuse in urban Thailand. Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Mississippi State University, Mississippi. Chant ,S. (2013). Cities through a “gender lens”: a golden “urban age” for women in the global South?. Environment and Urbanization, 25(1), 9-29. Chowdhury, M. A. K., Rahman, A. E., Morium, S., Hasan, M. M., Bhuiyan, A. & Arifeen, S. E. (2021). Domestic violence against women in urban slums of Bangladesh: A cross-sectional survey. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(9-10), 4728-4742. Fakouhi, N.(2003).Urban Anthropology.Tehran:Nay Publishing. (In Persian( Ghazvineh, Z., Saroukhani, B. & Shekarbigi. A. (2018). Spatial distribution of domestic violence in Kermanshah city. Geography and Environmental Sustainability, 8(3), 79-98. (In Persian) Gibbs, A., Dunkle, K. & Jewkes, R. (2018). Emotional and economic intimate partner violence as key drivers of depression and suicidal ideation: A cross-sectional study among young women in informal settlements in South Africa. PLoS ONE, 13(4(, 1-18. Kakulu, I., Byrne, P. & Viitanen, K. (2009). Phenomenological research in compulsory land acquisition and compensation, Proceedings of the FIG (Federation De Geometres).Working Week 2009-Surveyors Key Role in Accelerated Development, 3-8 May. Eilat. Israel. Kanougiya, S., Daruwalla, N., Gram, L., Sivakami, M. & Osrin, D. (2021). Domestic coercive control and common mental disorders among women in informal settlements in Mumbai, India: A cross-sectional survey. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, doi: 10.1177/08862605211030293. Khayat, S., Dolatian, M., Fanaei, H., Navidian, A., Mahmoodi, Z. & Kasaeian, A. (2020). 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| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| domestic violence, women, informal settlement, Mashhad, El-timur | ||
| مراجع | ||
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Phenomenological research strategy. Methodology of Social Sociences and Humanities, 17(68), 31-58. (In Persian) Adekey, O., Abimbola, O. & Adeusi, S. (2011). Domestic violence in a semi-urban neighbourhood. Gender and Behaviour, 9(2), 4247-4261. Aliverdinia, A., Riahi, M. E. & Farhadi. M. (2011). Social analysis of husbands’ violence against wives: A theoretical model and empirical test. Journal of Social Problems of Iran, 2(2), 95-127. (In Persian) Azazi, S. (2004). Society structure and violence against women. Social Welfare Quarterly, 4(14), 59-96. (In Persian) Blanca, M. R., Bonnie, E. C. & Louise, A. M. (2004). Lifetime abuse, mental health,and African American women. Journal of Family Violence ,19(3), 153–164. Bagrezaei, P., Zanjani, H. & Seifollahi, S. (2017). A Meta-Analysis of the studies on the violence of husbands against wives in Iran. The Women and Families Cultural- Education ,11(38),71-97.(In Persian) Bandura, A. (1993). Social Learning Theory. 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