پیوندهای مفید
اخبار و اعلانات
آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 25 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 967 |
| تعداد مقالات | 8,017 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 13,585,673 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 9,621,093 |
تحلیل جنسیتی نگرش دانشجویان نسبت به مشارکت سیاسی فعال زنان | ||
| مطالعات اجتماعی روان شناختی زنان | ||
| مقاله 5، دوره 19، شماره 4 - شماره پیاپی 69، بهمن 1400، صفحه 170-204 اصل مقاله (976.4 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22051/jwsps.2022.38434.2543 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| مریم منتظری1؛ افسانه توسلی* 2؛ زهرا میرحسینی3 | ||
| 1کارشناسی ارشد گروه مطالعات زنان و خانواده، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی و اقتصادی، دانشگاه الزهرا، تهران، ایران momontazery@yahoo.com | ||
| 2دانشیار گروه مطالعات زنان و خانواده، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی و اقتصادی، دانشگاه الزهرا، تهران، ایران. (نویسنده مسئول) afsaneh_tavassoli@alzahra.ac.ir | ||
| 3استادیار گروه مطالعات زنان و خانواده، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی و اقتصادی دانشگاه الزهرا، تهران، ایران. Z.mirhosseini@alzahra.ac.ir | ||
| چکیده | ||
| در فرایند اجتماعی شدن، برخی نگرش‌ها و باورها در افراد درونی می‌شود و در مناسبت‌های اجتماعی و سیاسی، همسو با فرهنگ حاکم، رفتار مورد انتظار بروز می‌یابد. در این پژوهش، نوع نگرشی که نسبت به مشارکت سیاسی فعال زنان وجود دارد در دانشجویان مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. برای این منظور، تعداد 370 نفر دانشجوی زن و مرد ساکن شهر تهران با استفاده از فرمول کوکران به‌عنوان حجم نمونه تعیین شدند و داده‌های جمع‌آوری شده از آنان با ضریب همبستگی پیرسون، رگرسیون همزمان و آزمون z فیشر مورد تحلیل قرار گرفتند. یافته‌ها نشان داد بین متغیر پایگاه اجتماعی-اقتصادی و نگرش نسبت به مشارکت فعال زنان ارتباط معناداری وجود ندارد. از میان متغیرهای تأثیرگذار بر نگرش دانشجویان نسبت به مشارکت سیاسی فعال زنان، متغیرهایی چون احساس اثربخشی سیاسی (43/0=r زن و 29/0=r مرد)، وجود کلیشههای جنسیتی (50/0-=r زن و 35/0-=r مرد)، باور به مردسالاری (58/0-=r زن و 37/0-=r مرد) و سقف شیشه‌ای (52/0-=r زن و 34/0-=r مرد) بیشترین تأثیر را نشان دادند و تحلیل جنسیتی، بر اثرگذاری موارد ذکر شده در بین دانشجویان زن بیشتر از دانشجویان مرد تأکید داشت. حضور اندک زنان در عرصه سیاست می‌تواند ناشی از جامعه‌پذیری سیاسی باشد که سیاست را امری مردانه تلقی کرده و زنان را به حاشیه رانده است. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| مشارکت سیاسی؛ جامعه‌پذیری جنسیتی؛ کلیشه های جنسیتی؛ سقف شیشه‌ای؛ احساس اثربخشی سیاسی | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Gender Analysis of Students' Attitudes Towards Active Women's Political Participation | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Maryam Montazery1؛ Afsaneh Tavassoli2؛ Zahra Mirhosseini3 | ||
| 1Department of Women and Family Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences and Economics, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran. momontazery@yahoo.com | ||
| 2Department of Women and Family Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences and Economics, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran. afsaneh_tavassoli@alzahra.ac.ir. (Corresponding Author) | ||
| 3Department of Women and Family Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences and Economics, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran. Z.mirhosseini@alzahra.ac.ir | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| During the socialization process, individuals internalize some attitudes and beliefs on social and political occasions, in line with the prevailing culture of the case. In this study, the attitude toward active political participation of women between male and female students has been examined. The sample size according to Cochran's formula is equal to 370 male and female students living in Tehran. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient, simultaneous regression and Fisher's test using survey method and questionnaire technique. Findings showed that there was no significant relationship between socio-economic status and attitudes toward women's active participation and among the variables affecting students' attitudes toward women's active political participation were variables such as a feeling of political effectiveness (women: r = 0.43 and men: r = 0.29), the existence of gender stereotypes (women: r = -0.50 and men: r = -0.35), belief in patriarchy (women: r = -0.58 and men: r = -0.37) and glass ceiling (female: r = -0.52 and men:r = -0.34) showed the most effect and gender analysis emphasized the effect of the mentioned cases among female students more than male students. The low presence of women in politics can be due to political socialization, which has seen politics as masculine and marginalized women. Political Participation, Gender Sociability, Gender Stereotypes, Glass Ceiling, Sense of Political Effectiveness. Introduction The existence of political participation in any society indicates development, and each society shows its level of development according to the credibility and degree it gives to the presence and activity of women, but in reality, women achieve equal positions with men in various fields. Social and political are facing serious obstacles (Pishgahi Fard, Zahedi, 2018: 26). Although in recent decades there have been changes in women's social and political relations and along with increasing literacy and the development of higher education, empowerment, and women's demands have increased, the level of women's political participation is low (Nazari, 2014: 162 ). Aronson (2002) believes that growing up in a traditional society leads to the acceptance of most prejudices. A group of women consider social participation and presence in social and political arenas necessary and a group of women do not prioritize social participation and in line with their traditional status and context, they define preference around their family. Social structures create positive or negative attitudes toward participation in individuals and influence actors through the family institution, the educational institution, the social learning process, and the socialization process. In some cases, the existence of gender stereotypes, under the shadow of patriarchy, perpetuates a kind of glass ceiling and creates an obstacle to women's activities. Individuals act to prevent social exclusion within the framework of social norms based on their gender stereotypes (Ezazi, 2001: 45 and 46). In the divisions of social forces, women are consciously or unconsciously marginalized and their growth and development is considered insignificant to others. This process affects women in all social and political spheres and indicates the existence of a kind of glass ceiling and prevents the advancement of women according to implicit and unwritten agreements (Wirth, 2002: 2). The glass ceiling is defined as a metaphor for the inequality of women against men and implies a patriarchal monopoly in developing countries (Shafi et al., 2019). Methodology The main purpose of this study is to "examine students' attitudes toward women's active political participation" between the two groups of female and male students. Students are considered as a group that has a higher social status and are more influential in political and social affairs. This research has investigated students' attitudes using a survey method. After collecting information by processing and entering the data into the computer and using SPSS software, statistical activities were analyzed at the descriptive and inferential levels of research findings. The statistical population of this study includes students of Tehran, Allameh, Al-Zahra, Imam Sadegh, Tarbiat Modares, and research universities who lived in Tehran. After taking the variance in the pre-test stage, using Cochran's sampling formula, 370 students were systematically selected and by proportionality, 205 female and 165 male students living in Tehran were examined. Result According to the results of the social and economic status of female students has a higher average than male students. In the simultaneous regression model, social and economic status, sense of political effectiveness, belief in patriarchy, belief in the glass ceiling and gender stereotypes as predictor variables and attitudes toward women's active political participation entered the equation as criterion variables. Aiming to compare male and female students, first using Fisher's conversion to compare multiple correlation coefficients, the findings indicate that there is a significant difference between male and female students. A comparison of predictor variables also shows that in both groups of male and female students, feelings of political effectiveness, belief in patriarchy, belief in the glass ceiling, and the existence of gender stereotypes can predict attitudes toward women's active political participation. But the social and economic situation is not able to predict the attitude towards women's active political participation. A comparison of standardized regression coefficients shows that belief in patriarchy and belief in the glass ceiling in female students has a higher coefficient than in male students. The presence of gender stereotypes has a higher coefficient in men and there is no difference in the standardized regression coefficient in the sense of political effectiveness. Based on this, the main hypothesis of the present study is confirmed. This means that the variables of a feeling of political effectiveness, belief in patriarchy, belief in the glass ceiling and the existence of gender stereotypes can predict attitudes towards women's active political participation. A comparison of groups shows a significant difference in the explained variance between groups. In the women's group, predictor variables play a greater role in explaining attitudes toward women's active political participation. For women, the belief in patriarchy and the existence of a glass ceiling has the greatest impact, and for men, the belief in patriarchy and the existence of gender stereotypes have the greatest impact on a positive attitude towards women's active political participation. Conclusion The results of the study emphasize that students' attitudes are overshadowed by the culture of patriarchy and the existence of gender stereotypes, and this issue is not different between male and female students, although female students have more understanding and experience. Despite benefiting from the socio-economic status, students still follow the previous conditions and have not shown a change in their attitude towards women's active political participation and attending university has not created a positive attitude towards women's active political participation. Today, due to the expansion of higher education, women have a maximum presence in universities, but contrary to expectations, they do not show active political participation and have shown a minimal share. According to the research conducted in this field (Sadeghi Fasaei, 2015), women's participation in all fields not only does not have a systematic body and model but is also influenced by the discourse space of the ruling structure. Although women have become an influential and active force in the past, structural and social barriers and pressures to create a glass ceiling due to the hegemonic layers of power acceptance continue (Shafi, 2019: 1) and it can’t be hoped that students due to the base that Are leading to positive changes in this area. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Political Participation, Gender Sociability, Gender Stereotypes, Glass Ceiling, Sense of Political Effectiveness | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
آبوت، پاملا و والاس، کلر. (1397). جامعه‌شناسی زنان. ترجمه منیژه نجم عراقی. تهران: نشر نی، چاپ سیزدهم. ارونسون، الیوت. (1381). روانشناسی اجتماعی. ترجمه حسین شکرشکن، تهران: نشر رشد. اعزازی، شهلا. (1380). خشونت خانوادگی: زنان کتک خورده. تهران: نشر سالی، چاپ اول. باستانی، سوسن. (1386). جنسیت و فرهنگ، ارزشها و نگرش‌ها. تهران: پژوهشگاه فرهنگ، هنر و ارتباطات، چاپ اول. بروجردی، اشرف. (1400). درآمدی بر جایگاه زنان در مناصب قدرت. پژوهشنامه زنان، 12(3)، 21-3. بشیریه، حسین. (1398). موانع توسعه سیاسی در ایران. تهران: گام نو. بشیریه، حسین. (1397). جامعه‌شناسی سیاسی: نقش نیروهای اجتماعی در زندگی سیاسی. تهران: نشر نی. بوردیو، پیر. (1384). سرمایه اجتماعی، اعتماد، دموکراسی و توسعه. ترجمه حسین پویان و افشین خاکباز. تهران: نشر شیرازه، چاپ سوم. بیسلی، کریس. (1397). چیستی فمینیسم: درآمدی بر نظریه‌های فمینیستی. ترجمه محمدرضا زمردی. تهران: انتشارات روشنگران و مطالعات زنان. پناهی، محمد حسین. (1386). جامعه‌شناسی مشارکت سیاسی زنان. تهران: انتشارات دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، چاپ اول. پیشگاهی فرد، زهرا و زهدی گهرپور، محمد. (1389). بررسی جایگاه و نقش زنان خاورمیانه در مشارکت سیاسی. زن و جامعه (جامعه‌شناسی زنان)، 1(1)، 44-25. توسلی، افسانه و سعیدی، وحیده. (1389). تأثیر اشتغال زنان بر ساختار قدرت در خانواده‌های شهر ایوانکی. زن در توسعه وسیاست، (پژوهش زنان)، 9(3)، 149-133. خواجه سروی، غلامرضا. (1394). عوامل موثر بر جامعه‌پذیری سیاسی دانشجویان دانشگاه‌های دولتی ایران. جستارهای سیاسی معاصر، 6(18)، 55-31. رجبی‌نژاد، مهسا و کریمی دستفانی، طاهره. (1398). شاخص شکاف جنسیتی 2020 در ایران و جهان. معاونت بررسی‌های اقتصادی اتاق بازرگانی، صنایع، معادن و کشاورزی تهران. ریتزر، جورج. (1384). نظریه‌های جامعه شناسی در دوران معاصر. ترجمه محسن ثلاثی. تهران: انتشارات علمی. سفیری، خدیجه و منصوریان راوندی، فاطمه. (1394). کلیشههای جنسیّتی و سلامت اجتماعی. مطالعات اجتماعی روان شناختی زنان، 13(2)، 66-37. سید امامی، کاووس. (1389). مشارکت سیاسی دانشجویان: ارزیابی برخی از پیش‌بینی‌کننده‌های مشارکت سیاسی. پژوهشنامه علوم سیاسی، 2(6)، 52-33. شفی، آرزو.، اعتباریان، اکبر و ابراهیم‌زاده دستجردی، رضا. (1399). الگوی تفسیری پیامدهای سقف شیشه‌ای برای زنان با تأکید بر لایه‌های هژمونی پذیرش قدرت. مطالعات اجتماعی روان‌شناختی زنان، 18(4)، 126-69. صادقی فسایی، سهیلا و خادمی، عاطفه. (1394). فراتحلیل چهار دهه پژوهش در موضوع اشتغال زنان. زن در فرهنگ و هنر (پژوهش زنان)، 7(2)، 256-243. صفری، علی و فروغی ابری، معین. (1389). سقف شیشه‌ای و راه‌های شکستن آن برای زنان در ایران. تدبیر، 217، 48-44. علمی، محمود. (1399). مشارکت و توسعه: برخی عوامل اجتماعی–فردی مرتبط با مشارکت شهروندان شهر تبریز. مطالعات توسعه اجتماعی ایران، 12(3)، 102-93. غلامزاده، داریوش.، حق‌شناس کاشانی، فریده و محمدخانی، فاطمه. (1394). تأثیر سبک رهبری بر باورهای سقف شیشه‌ای زنان. مطالعات اجتماعی روان‌شناختی زنان، 13(3)، 275-197. گرت، استفانی. (1396). جامعه شناسی جنسیت. ترجمه کتایون بقایی. تهران: نشر نی، چاپ اول. گرنفل، مایکل. (1389). مفاهیم کلیدی پیر بوردیو. ترجمه محمد مهدی لبیبی. تهران: نشر افکار، چاپ اول. میرز، لاورنس اس.، گامست، گلن و گارینو، ا. جی. (1399). پژوهش چندمتغیره کاربردی (طرح و تفسیر). ترجمه حمیدرضا حسن آبادی، حسن پاشا شریفی، ولی الله فرزاد، سیمین دخت رضاخانی، بلال ایزانلو، مجتبی حبیبی. تهران: رشد، چاپ ششم. میشل، آندره. (1383). جنبش زنان. ترجمه هما زنجانی‌زاده. تهران: نشر نیکا، چاپ اول. نادری، احمد. (1396). فراتحلیل مشارکت سیاسی دانشجویان ایرانی: مطالعه اثربخشی عوامل تبیین‌کننده عینی، انگیزشی ذهنی، فرهنگی-اجتماعی و نهادی. مطالعات جامعه‌شناختی (نامه علوم اجتماعی)، 24(1)، 290-259. ناصری، سهیلا و ناصری، محبوبه. (1395). بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر نگرش دانشجویان نسبت به نابرابری‌های جنسیتی (مطالعۀ موردی: شهرستان مهران در سال 1394. فرهنگ ایلام، 17(53-52)، 114-98. نظری، مینا.، علی حسینی، علی.، امام‌جمعه‌‌زاده، سید‌جواد.، پوررنجبر، مهدیه. (1393). بررسی رابطة جامعه‌پذیری و مشارکت سیاسی زنان. پژوهشنامه زنان، 5(9)، 185-161. نیازی، محسن. (1393). بررسی عوامل اجتماعی و فرهنگی مؤثر بر نگرش به طرحواره جنسیّتی نقش‌های خانوادگی، اجتماعی و حرفه‌ای زنان. مطالعات اجتماعی روان‌شناختی زنان، 12(2)، 116-81. هاشمی، سهیلا و شهرآرای، مهرناز. (1393). بررسی باورها و ارزش‌های دانش آموزان، خانواده، و کتاب‌های درسی درباره تساوی جنسیت. مطالعات اجتماعی روان‌شناختی زنان، 6(2)، 46-27. هاید، جانت شبیلی. (1394). روانشناسی زنان. ترجمه: اکرم خمسه. تهران: نشر ارجمند، چاپ چهارم. Abbott, P. & Wallace, C. (2018). An introduction to sociology: Feminist perspectives. Tehran: Nashr-e Ney. (In Persian) Aronson, E. (2004). Social psychology. Tehran, Roshd Press. (In Persian) Azazi, S. (2003). Family violence batterab women. Tehran: Published Salii. (In Persian) Bashiriyeh. H. (2019). Ostacles to political development in Iran. Tehran. (In Persian) Bashirieh, H. (2016). Political sociology: The role of social forces in political life. Tehran: Nashr-e Ney. (In Persian) Bastani, S. (2007). Gender and culture, values and attitudes. Tehran: Research Center For Culture, Art And Communications. 1th Edition. (In Persian) Beasley, C. (2016). What is feminism? an introduction to feminist theory. Tehran: Roshangaran and Women's Studies. (In Persian) Berns, R. M. (2001). Child, family, school, community: Socialization and support. Fort Worth, TX, USA: Harcourt College Publishers. Bourdieu, P. (1988). Homo academicus. Stanford University Press. Broujerdi, A. (2021). An introduction to the status of women in positions of power Case study of women’s situations in Islamic Republic of Iran. Women Studies, 12(37), 1-23. (In Persian) Chi ,W. & Li, B. (2007). Glass ceiling or sticky floor? Examining the gender earnings differential across the earnings distribution in urban China , 1987-2004. Journal of Comparative Economics, 36(2), 243-263. Elmi, M. (2020). Participation and development: Some socio-individual factors related to the participation of the citizens of Tabriz. Journal of Iranian Social Development Studies, 12(47), 93-102. (In Persian) Erickson, B. H. (2004). The distribution of gendered social capital in Canada. In: Flap, H. & Volker, B. (eds) The Creation and Returns of Social Capital. NewYork: Routledge Hashemi, S. & Shahraray, M. (2008). Students and families beliefs/values and textbooks contents on gender equality: Problem-Solving among secondary school female students. Quarterly Journal of Women's Studies Sociological and Psychological, 6(2), 27-46. (In Persian) Hyde, Janet Shibley. (2014). Half the human experience: The psychology of women. Tehran: Published Agah, 4th Edition. (In Persian) Gholamzadeh, D., Haghshenase Kashani, F. & Mohammadkhani, F. (2015). The influence of leadership style on the womens’ glass ceiling beliefs. Quarterly Journal of Women's Studies Sociological and Psychological, 13(3), 197-275. (In Persian) Gorman, E. H. (2005). Gender stereotypes, same-gender preferences, and organizational variation in the hiring of women: Evidence from law firms. American Sociological Review, 70(4), 702-728. Grenfell, M. (2012). Bourdieu key concepts. Translator: Mohammad Mehdi Labibi, Tehran: Afkar Publishing. (In Persian) Jung, H. & Cho, J.(2020). Gender inequality of gob security: Veiling glass ceiling in Korea. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 25(1), 79-89. Khajehsarvi, Q. R. (2014). Factors affecting the political socialization of Iranian public university students. Contemporary Political Studies, 6(18), 31-55. (In Persian) Leaper, C. & Friedman C. K. (2007). The socialization of gender. Pp 561-587 in Handbook of Socialization: Theory and Research, edited by Grusec, J. E. & Hastings, P. D. New York: The Guilford Press Meera, M. & Yekta, K. (2021). The challenges to political participation of women in Afghanistan: Historical and cultural perspectives. Asian Studies, 9(1), 65–91. Meyers, L. S., Gamst, G. & Guarino, A. J. (2019). Applied multivariate research: Design and interpretation. Tehran: Published Roshd. (In Persian) Michelle, A. (2004). Women's movement. Translation by Homa Zanjanizadeh. Tehran: Nika Publishing. (In Persian) Naderi, A. (2015). Meta-analysis of political participation of Iranian students: an effective study of objective, motivational, subjective explanatory factors. Sociological Review, 24(1), 259-290. (In Persian) Nasseri, S. & Naseri, M. (2016). Study of effective factors on students' attitudes toward gender inequalities (Case study: Mehran city in 2015). Ilam Culture, 17(52-53), 98-114. (In Persian) Nazari, M., Alihosseini, A., Emam Joome Zade, S. J. & Poor Ranjbar, M. (2014). The relation between social acceptance and women’s political participation. Women Studies, 5(9), 161-185. (In Persian) Niazi, M. (2014). A study of social and cultural factors affecting attitudes towards the gender schema of family, social and professional plans of women. Quarterly Journal of Women's Studies Sociological and Psychological, 12(2), 81-116. (In Persian) Panahi, M. H. (2007). Sociology of women's political participation. Tehran, Published: Allameh Tabatabai University, First Edition. (In Persian) Pishgahifard, Z. & Zohdi Goharpour, M. (2010). A review of the status and role of women in the Middle East political participation. Quarterly Journal of Woman Society, 1(1), 25-44. (In Persian) Rai, S. (2020). Democracy, political participation and women: A study of Sikkim. Philosophy PhD Thesis, Department of Political Science, Sikkim University. Rajabi Nejad, M. & Karimi Dastfani, T. (1398). Gender gap index 2020 in Iran and the world. Deputy of Economic Studies of Tehran Chamber of Commerce, Industries, Mines and Agriculture. Ritzer, G. (2008). Contemporary sociological theory. Tehran. (In Persian) Sadeghi Fassaei, S. & Khademi, A. (2015). Women’s employment in the last four decades studies: A meta-analysis. Journal of Woman in Culture Arts, 7(2), 243-256. (In Persian) Safari, A. & Foroughi Abri, M. (2010). Glass roof and ways to break it for women in Iran. Tadbir, 217, 44-48. (In Persian) Safiri, K. & Mansoirian Ravandi, F. (2010). Gender clichés and social health: A study on men and women from Tehran. Quarterly Journal of Women's Studies Sociological and Psychological, 13(2), 66-37. (In Persian) Schumaker, R. E. & Lomax, R. G. (2010). A beginner's guide to structural equation modeling. Routledge, New York. Seyed-Emami, K. (2007). The political participation of university student in: Some predictive indicators. Journal of Political science Association, 2(2), 33-52. (In Persian) Shafi, A., Etebariyan, A. & Ebrahimzadeh Dastjerdi, R. (2020). Interpretive model of glass ceiling consequences for women with an emphasis on hegemonic layers of power acceptance. Quarterly Journal of Women's Studies Sociological and Psychological, 18(4), 69-126. (In Persian) Stephanie, G. (2000). Gender (Society now). Translation by Katayoun Baqaei. Tehran: Digar Publication. (In Persian) Tavasoli, A. & Saeidi, V. (2011). The impact of women's employment on power structure in eyvankey families. Women in Development & Politics, 9(3), 133-149. (In Persian) West, S. G., Finch, J. F. & Curran, P. J. (1995). Structural equation models with nonnormal variables: Problems and remedies. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 56–75). Sage Publications, Inc. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 547 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 373 |
||