پیوندهای مفید
اخبار و اعلانات
آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 25 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 967 |
| تعداد مقالات | 8,010 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 13,573,916 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 9,616,812 |
ادغام متقارن در نحو زبان فارسی براساس شواهدی از جمله‌های هم‌پایه پرسش‌واژه‌ای دارای حرکت موازی | ||
| زبان پژوهی | ||
| مقاله 1، دوره 12، شماره 36، آذر 1399، صفحه 7-36 اصل مقاله (810.7 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22051/jlr.2020.26101.1699 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| سید مهدی ساداتی نوش آبادی* 1؛ مهدی سبزواری2؛ نرجس بانو صبوری3؛ مزدک انوشه4 | ||
| 1دانشجوی دکتری زبان شناسی، دانشگاه پیام نور، واحد تحصیلات تکمیلی استان تهران | ||
| 2استادیار زبانشناسی، دانشگاه پیام نور ، تهران | ||
| 3دانشیار زبانشناسی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران | ||
| 4استادیار زبانشناسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| رابطة عدمِ تقارنِ میانِ سازه‌های جمله، بخش آوایی زبان را قادر می‌سازد که بر پایة «اصل تناظر خطی»، اجزای جمله به ترتیب تلفظ شوند. در جمله‌هایی که توسط نظام محاسباتی زبان ایجاد شده‌اند، ساختارهای گوناگونی وجود دارند. همچنین تحلیل‌های گوناگونی درباره این ساختارها- مانند جمله‌های هم‌پایه پرسش‌واژه‌ای دارای حرکت موازی، ارائه شده‌اند. این دو مسئله، احتمال وجود رابطه عدمِ تقارن بین سازه‌های این جمله‌ها را تقویت کرده‌است. در این پژوهش، ویژگی‌‌ها و روابط نحوی میانِ سازه‌های جمله‌های هم‌پایة پرسش‌واژه‌ایِ دارایِ حرکتِ موازی، بر پایة شواهد نظریِ ادغامِ متقارن بررسی می‌شوند. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که یک گروه اسمی، گروه بیشینة متمم‌نما، گروه بیشینة زمان و گروه بیشینة فعلی کوچک بین دو هم‌پایه مشترک هستند. این نتیجه‌‌گیری، بر پایة شواهدی- مانند هم‌زمان بودنِ حرکتِ گروه اسمی از هر دو هم‌پایه- یکسان بودنِ نظام ِحالتِ گروه اسمی مشترکِ میانِ دو هم‌پایه و عدم امکان استفاده از موضوع‌های مختلف یک محمول در هم‌پایه‌ها به دست می‌آید. پذیرفتن اشتراک این سازه‌ها در جمله‌های هم‌پایة پرسش‌واژه‌ای دارای حرکت موازی، سبب ارائه تحلیلی ساده و باصرفه در پیوند با این جمله‌ها می‌شود. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| ادغام متقارن؛ جمله‌های هم‌پایة پرسش‌واژه‌ای دارای حرکت موازی؛ ارزش‌گذاریِ مشخصه‌ها؛ ترتیبِ خطی | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Symmetric Merge in Persian Syntax, Evidences from Across-The-Board Wh and Wh Questions | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Sead Mahdi Sadati Nooshabadi1؛ Mehdi Sabzevari2؛ Narjes Banou Sabouri3؛ Mazdak Anoushe4 | ||
| 1PhD. Candidate for Linguistics, Payam-e-Noor University, Tehran | ||
| 2Assistant Professor of Linguistics, Payam-e-Nour University, Tehran | ||
| 3Associate Professor of Linguistics, Payam-e-Nour University, Tehran, Iran | ||
| 4َAssistant Professor,, Department of Linguistics, University of Tehran, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Asymmetric merge of the sentence constituents enables the Phonetic Form of the language to put the merged constituents in proper order for pronunciation based on the “Linear Correspondence Order”. The existence of various constructions like across-the-board wh and wh-questions derived by the computational system of language and different methods for analyzing them proposed by various scholars, have led to reviewing the certainty of the asymmetric relation between the merged constituents. Chomsky (2001) proposes two kinds of merge: external merge and internal merge. External merge takes two disjoint syntactic objects and combines them to form one larger syntactic object. Internal merge, often referred to simply as Move, is an operation “responsible” for displacement in grammar. This intuition implies the possibility that syntactic objects can be pronounced and interpreted in different positions. Considering the characteristics of external and internal merge, Citko (2000, 2003, 2005) proposed the third kind of merge operation namely as Parallel merge. Parallel merge (symmetric merge) is like external merge in that it takes two distinct objects as its input. However, it is also like internal merge in that it combines one with a subpart of the other. The symmetric merge leads to multi-dominance structures in which a constituent is simultaneously dominated by more than one node. Multi-dominance structures have special characteristics and the computational system of language needs special mechanisms for handling them. Important questions which should be answered about these structures are how to linearize them and how the features of shared elements are checked. The asymmetric relation among the constituents of sentence is necessary since only the asymmetric constituents have the prerequisites needed for the Phonetic Form of the language to pronounce the constituents according to the LCA (Kayne, 1994). Apparently, the symmetric constituents are not able to be pronounced since they violate the LCA but the studies of Wilder (1999b, 2008), Gračanin-Yüksek (2007) and Johnson (2007) on modifying the definition of c-command have paved the way to make the symmetric merged constituents compatible with the prerequisites for the Phonetic Form. The newly developed notion enables the PF to linearize the shared elements in situ. In this new definition, the LCA can ignore some of the orders which violate the LCA. Wilder (2008) proposed the notion of “full dominance” which enables the shared elements to be pronounced correctly. According to Wilder (2008:238-9): a. X fully dominates α if and only if X dominates α and X does not share α. b. α is shared by X and Y if and only if (i) neither of X and Y dominates the other, and (ii) both X and Y dominate. Moreover, the definition of c-command is modified relying on the full dominance as follows: a. X c-commands Y only if X does not fully dominate Y b. d(A) = the set of terminals fully dominated by A. (Wilder 2008:243) By this definition the shared elements, since they are not fully dominated by A, are not considered in d(A) and the PF has the correct order for pronunciation. The second property of the multi-dominance structures is about feature checking of the shared elements. The operation “Agree” in the Minimalist Programme is responsible for providing values to unvalued features. This operation is a one-to-one relationship between Probe and Goal in a c-command domain. In symmetric merge this relationship turns into a many-to-one relationship between Probes and Goals. In order to solve this issue, Hiraiwa (2005) explores the possibilities of single Probe valuing features on different Goals simultaneously in a process which he calls as “Multiple Agree”. His study suggested the opposite in which the Agree operation can take place between several Probes and a single Goal as schematized below: p < sub>uΦ>GuCase,Φ, GuCase,Φ p < sub>uΦ, p < sub>uΦ>GuCase, Φ Hiraiwa (2005: 51) Having this mechanism, the shared element in multi-dominance structures can have its unvalued features being valued by two Probes simultaneously. Any inconsistency between the obtained values may result in ungrammaticality of the derived sentence unless the morphological component will determine whether the result is possible or not. For studying the possibility of existence of symmetric merge in deriving the sentences in the Persian language, the across-the-board wh and wh-questions are selected. Based on the evidences observed from the internal relations among the constituents of the across-the-board wh and wh-questions in Persian language such as existence of the same tense in two conjuncts, impossibility of voice mismatches of little verbs between two conjuncts, simultaneous movement of the noun phrase from two conjuncts, lack of multiple fronting of wh-elements, existence of the same case in both conjuncts for the shared noun phrase and impossibility of using of different arguments of predicates in two conjuncts, it is concluded that a noun phrase, little v, T, and C heads are shared between the two conjuncts. Accepting the existence of shared elements between two conjuncts provides us with simple and comprehensive analysis for across-the-board wh and wh-questions in Persian. Moreover, analyses based on symmetric merge can also be used for studying other structures in Persian such as parasitic gap, right node raising, gapping, and wh-questions with conjoined wh-pronouns. In all the cited structures, we have shared element(s) the characteristics of which the symmetric merge approach can explain in a simple and convincing way. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Symmetric Merge, Across-The-Board wh and wh-questions, Feature Valuation, Linear Order | ||
|
سایر فایل های مرتبط با مقاله
|
||
| مراجع | ||
|
شعبانی، منصور (1392). «ارتقاء گره راست در زبان فارسی». ادب پژوهی، شمارة 24. صص 170-139 شعبانی، منصور، عالیه کرد زعفرانلو کامبوزیا، فردوس آقاگل‌زاده و ارسلان گلفام (1389). «ساخت هم‌پایگی: با نگاهی به زبان فارسی». ادب پژوهی، شمارة 13. صص 156-131. واعظی، هنگامه و یادگار کریمی (1398). «پرسش‌های چند پرسش‌واژه‌ای هم‌پایه در زبان فارسی: تحلیل رده شناختی- نحوی». زبان‌پژوهی. سال 11. شماره 32. صص 159-177. کریمی، یادگار و هنگامه واعظی (1397). «ادغام موازی، اشراف چندگانه و ساختار هم‌پایگی پرسش‌واژه‌ای». پژوهشهای زبانی. سال 9. شماره 1. صص 58-39. References
Abney, S. (1987). The English noun phrase in its sentential aspect (PhD thesis). MIT, Cambridge, USA.
Adger, D. (2003). Core syntax, a minimalist approach. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bachrach, A., & Katzir, R. (2009). Right-node raising and delayed spell-out. In K. Grohmann (Ed.). Inter Phases: Phase-theoretic Investigations of Linguistic Interfaces (pp. 283-316). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bachrach, A., & Katzir, R. (2017). Linearizing structures. Syntax, 20, 1–40.
Borsley, R. D. (1983). A note on the Generalized Left Branch Condition. Linguistic Inquiry, 14, 169–74.
Chomsky, N. (1995). The Minimalist Program. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
Chomsky, N. (2000). Minimalist inquiries: the framework. In R. Martin, D. Michaels & J. Uriagereka (Eds.), Step by step: Essays on minimalist syntax in honor of Howard Lasnik (pp. 89–155). Cambridge: MIT Press.
Chomsky, N. (2001). Beyond explanatory adequacy. In C. Collins (Ed.), MIT Occasional Papers in Linguistics (pp.1-28. Vol. 20). Cambridge, Mass: MIT, Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, MITWPL.
Citko, B. (2000). Parallel merge and the syntax of free relatives (PhD thesis). Stony Brook University, New York, USA.
Citko, B. (2003). ATB wh-questions and the nature of Merge. In M. Kadowaki & Sh. Kawahara (Eds.), Proceeding of the 33rd North East Linguistic Society (pp. 87–102). Amherst: GLSA Publication.
Citko, B. (2005). On the nature of merge: external merge, internal merge, and parallel merge. Linguistic Inquiry, 36 (4), 475-496.
Citko, B. (2011). Symmetry in syntax: merge, move, and labels. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Douglas-Brown, D. (1996). In search of syntactic symmetry: on the parallels between clausal and nominal hierarchical structure (PhD thesis). University of Durham, Durham, UK.
Dyla, S. (1984). Across-the-board dependencies and case in Polish. Linguistic Inquiry, 15, 701–05.
Epstein, S., Erich M. G., Kawashima, R., & Kitahara, H. (1998). A derivational approach to syntactic relations. New York: Oxford University Press.
Franks, S. (1993). On parallelism in across-the-board dependencies. Linguistic Inquiry, 4, 509–29.
Franks, S. (1995). Parameters of Slavic morphosyntax. New York: Oxford University Press.
Gartner, H. M. (1999). Phrase linking meets minimalist syntax. In S. Bird, A. Carnie, J. D. Haugen & P. Norquest (Eds.), Proceedings of the Eighteenth West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics (pp. 159–169). Somerville, Mass.: Cascadilla Press.
Goodall, G. (1983). A three-dimensional analysis of coordination. Proceedings of the Chicago Linguistic Society, 19, 146-154.
Goodall, G. (1987). Parallel structures in syntax. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gračanin-Yüksek, M. (2007). About sharing (PhD thesis). MIT, Cambridge, USA.
Grosz, P. (2009). Movement and agreement in right-node raising constructions (unpublished manuscript). MIT, Cambridge, USA.
Hiraiwa, K. (2005). Dimensions of symmetry in syntax: agreement and clausal architecture (PhD thesis). MIT, Cambridge, USA.
Hornstein, N., Nunes, J., & Grohmann, K. K. (2005). Understanding Minimalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Johnson, K. (2007). LCA+Alignment=RNR. Workshop on Coordination, Subordination and Ellipsis. presented at University of Tübingen, June 2007. Retrieved from <http://people.umass.edu/kbj/homepage/Content/tuebingen.pdf>.
Johnson, K. (2012). Toward deriving differences in how WH Movement and QR are pronounced. Lingua, 122 (6), 529–553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2010.11.010
Karimi, Y., & Vaezi, H. (2018). Parallel merge, multidominance and the structure of wh-Coordination. Journal of Linguistic Researches, 9 (1), 39-58 [In Persian].
Kayne, R. (1994). The anti-symmetry of syntax. Linguistic Inquiry Monograph Twenty-Five. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Sha’bani, M., Kord Za'feranloo Kambozia, A., Agha Gholzadeh, F., Golfam, A. (2010). Coordination and its determination in Persian. Journal of Adab Pazhuhi, 4(13), 131-156 [In Persian].
McCawley, J. (1982). Parentheticals and discontinuous constituent structure. Linguistic Inquiry, 13, 91–106.
Moltmann, F. (1992a). Coordination and comparatives (PhD thesis). MIT, Cambridge, USA.
Muadz, H. (1991). Coordinate structures: a planar representation (PhD thesis). University of Arizona, Arizona, USA.
Sarkar, A., & Joshi, A. (1996). Coordination in tree adjoining grammars: formalization and implementation. In J. Tsujii (Ed.), The 16th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (pp. 610–615). Denmark: Association for Computational Linguistics.
Sha’bani, M. (2013). Right Node Raising in Persian. Journal of Adab Pazhuhi, 7(24), 149-170 [In Persian].
Starke, M. (2001). Move dissolves into Merge: A theory of locality (PhD thesis). University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Vaezi, H., Karimi, Y. (2019). Conjoined multiple wh-questions in Persian: typo-syntactic analysis. Zabanpazhuhi, 11(32), 159-177. doi: 10.22051/jlr.2018.17841.1445 [In Persian].
Vries, M. D (2005a). Merge: properties and boundary conditions. Linguistics in the Netherlands, 22, 219-30.
Vries, M. D (2005b). Coordination and syntactic hierarchy. Studia Linguistica, 59, 83-105.
Vries, M. D (2008). Asymmetric merge and parataxis. Canadian Journal of Linguistics, 53, 355-85.
Wilder, Ch. (1999a). Transparent free relatives. In S. Blake & E. Kim (Eds.), Proceedings of the Seventeenth West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics (pp. 685–99). Stanford: CSLI Publications.
Wilder, Ch. (1999b). Right node raising and the LCA. In S. Bird, A. Carnie, J. D. Haugen & P. Norquest (Eds.), Proceedings of the Eighteenth West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics (pp. 586–598). Somerville, Mass: Cascadilla Press.
Wilder, Ch. (2008). Shared constituents and linearization. In K. Johnson (Ed.), Topics in Ellipsis (pp. 229-258). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Williams, E. (1978). Across-the-board rule application. Linguistic Inquiry, 9, 31-43.
Zhang, N. (2004). Move is remerge. Language and Linguistics, 5 (1),189-209. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 1,078 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 494 |
||
