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نقش تعدیل‌کنندگی خودشفقت‌ورزی در رابطه بین نشانگان افسردگی با بهزیستی روانشناختی زنان بیوه | ||
| مطالعات اجتماعی روان شناختی زنان | ||
| مقاله 3، دوره 19، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 67، تیر 1400، صفحه 93-118 اصل مقاله (520.56 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22051/jwsps.2021.33777.2322 | ||
| نویسنده | ||
| سلمان زارعی* | ||
| نویسنده مسئول، استادیار گروه روانشناسی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم‌آباد، ایران. Zarei.s@lu.ac.ir | ||
| چکیده | ||
| رابطه بین نشانگان افسردگی با بهزیستی روانشناختی تا حدودی دارای حمایت نظری و تجربی است، اما درباره مکانیسم‌های تعدیل‌کننده این رابطه مطالعات اندکی وجود دارد. این پژوهش با هدف تعیین نقش تعدیل‌کنندگی خودشفقت‌ورزی در رابطه بین نشانگان افسردگی با بهزیستی روانشناختی انجام شد و توصیفی از نوع همبستگی بود. جامعه آماری پژوهش زنان بیوه مراجعه‌کننده به سازمان بهزیستی شهر تهران در سال 1398 بود که از بین آن‌ها تعداد 130 نفر با استفاده از روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی ساده انتخاب شدند. ابزار جمع‌آوری داده‌ها مقیاس بهزیستی روانشناختی(PWS)، مقیاس خودشفقت‌ورزی نف (SCS) و ویراست دوم سیاهه افسردگی بک ((BDI-II) بود. داده‌های جمع‌آوری‌شده با استفاده از رگرسیون سلسله‌مراتبی تحلیل شدند. نتایج نشان داد که رابطه بین نشانگان افسردگی با بهزیستی روانشناختی منفی و معنی‌دار بود (001/0 p<، 54/0- =r). همچنین، نتایج تحلیل رگرسیون سلسله مراتبی، نقش تعدیل‌گر خودشفقت‌ورزی در رابطه بین نشانگان افسردگی و بهزیستی روانشناختی را تایید کرد(01/0 p<، 23/0- =β). مطالعه حاضر بر نقش تعدیل‌کننده خودشفقت‌ورزی به‌عنوان یک مکانیسم مهم در رابطه بین نشانگان افسردگی با بهزیستی روانشناختی تأکید دارد؛ بنابراین، افزایش خودشفقت‌ورزی در زنان بیوه می‌تواند روش مطلوبی برای حمایت از آن‌ها در مواجهه با ناملایمات و آشفتگی‌های زندگی باشد. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| خودشفقت‌ورزی؛ افسردگی؛ بهزیستی روانشناختی؛ زنان بیوه | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| The moderating Role of Self- Compassion in the Relationship between Depression Symptoms and Psychological Well-being in Widowed Women | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Salman Zarei | ||
| Assistant professor, Psychology department, Lorestan University Zarei.s@lu.ac.ir | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| The association between depression symptoms and psychological well-being has received both theoretical and empirical support, however, less is known about the moderating mechanisms in this relationship. The current study aimed to explore the moderating role of self-compassion in the relationship between depressive symptoms and psychological well-being. The research method was descriptive – correlational. The statistical population was widowed women who referred to the East Tehran Welfare Organization in 2019, and a total of 130 women were selected via a simple accidental sampling method. Psychological Well-being Scale (PWS), Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), and Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) were used to collect the data. Collected data were analyzed using hierarchical linear regression. Results showed that the relationship between depressive symptoms and psychological well-being (r= -0.54, p<0.001) was significantly negative. Also, results of hierarchical regression confirmed the moderating role of self-compassion in the relationship between depressive symptoms and psychological well-being (β= -0.23, p<0.01). The present study highlights the moderating role of self-compassion as an underlying mechanism between depression symptoms and psychological well-being. Therefore, increasing self-compassion in widowed women could be a good way to protect them in the face of adversity and suffering in life. Keyword Self-compassion, Depression, Psychological Well-being, Widowed Women. Introduction The death of a spouse is a traumatic and painful situation in life that is associated with a high prevalence of psychological distress such as depression and anxiety (Kristiansen et al., 2019). Men and women both will suffer from reduced psychological well-being following widowhood, however, researchers report that this rate is much higher in women than in men (Xu et al., 2017). The absence of a husband affects almost the entire sphere of a woman's life and affects her well-being in various psychological, social, physical, behavioral and economic dimensions (Moon et al., 2014). Widowed women, despite these sufferings, are obliged to take responsibility and are forced to raise their children (Zhou & Hearst, 2016). Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the psychological well-being of widows and help them cope with their stressful lives because psychological well-being influences their ability to cope with problems and will protect their children and families (Agrawal & Keshri, 2014). Therefore, it is important to note how and under what conditions and in fact through what variables the effect of widow depressive symptoms on psychological well-being is reduced. In this area, studies show that self-compassion is a positive orientation toward pain, suffering, and distress that influence psychological functioning (Neff & Germer, 2018). Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the moderating role of self-compassion as a psychological competence in the relationship between depressive symptoms and the psychological well-being of widows. Methods This cross-sectional and correlational study was conducted on widowed women referring to the east Tehran Welfare Organization who in 2019 had an active record of receiving social services. Using a simple sampling method, 150 people were selected as samples. Psychological Well-being Scale (Ryyf, 1989), Self- Compassion Scale (Neff, 2003), and Beck Depression Inventory-II (Beck, Steer & Brown, 2000) were used to collect the data. It is noted that 20 participants were excluded from subsequent analyses. Collected data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and hierarchical linear regression using SPSS 23.0. Results About the demographic characteristics of 130 widowed women participants, it is noted that age averaged 41.58 years (SD = 8.03). The results of hierarchical regression analysis showed that in the first step, depression symptoms alone explains 38% of the variance of psychological well-being. In the second step, self-compassionate as a moderator variable by adding to the regression equation along with depression symptoms explain 45% or the variance of psychological well-being. Finally, in the third step, the interaction between depression symptoms and self-compassion was added to the regression equation, and the results of this interaction have 59% of the power to explain psychological well-being. Therefore, due to the increase in the explained variance of the psychological well-being variable as a result of the interactive variable of depression and self-compassion, it can be concluded that self-compassion can moderate the relationship between depressive symptoms and psychological well-being. Discussion and Conclusion The results showed that self-compassion has a moderating role in the relationship between depressive symptoms and psychological well-being, which indicates that self-compassion, has a deterrent function to the negative effects of depressive symptoms on psychological well-being. Explaining this finding, it can be said that self-compassion increases well-being because it helps people to have a stronger sense of dependence, communication and security (Neff & Germer, 2018). Also, self-compassion can increase positive emotions and resources that weaken negative emotions such as depressive symptoms, and this factor leads to increased psychological well-being (Kirby et al., 2017). In another explanation, it can be stated that self-compassion can be used as a barrier against widowed’ negative experiences and increase their positive emotions when negative events occur in their lives and act as an important potential protective factor against emotional issues such as depressive symptoms (Holm et al., 2019). Because the relationship between depression symptoms and psychological well-being varies depending on the individual's level of self-compassion, counselling or psychological intervention programs focusing on increasing self-compassion can help widows reduce depression and mental well-being. Therefore, mental health professionals must develop programs to increase self-compassion among widowed women to cope with difficult emotions, adversity and life breakdowns. References Agrawal, G., & Keshri, K. (2014). Morbidity patterns and health care seeking behavior among older widows in India. 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| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Self-compassion, Depression, Psychological Well-being, Widowed Women | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
اکبری ترکمانی، نسرین؛ قاسمی، وحید و آقا بابایی، احسان. (1397). توانمندسازی زنان سرپرست خانوار منطقه 5 شهر اصفهان با تأکید بر مؤلفه اشتغال. مطالعات اجتماعی روانشناختی زنان، 16(3)، 7-36.
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سفیری، خدیجه؛ احیایی، پویان و مرکزی، آیدا. (1399). بررسی جامعه‌شناختی احساس طردشدگی زنان در بین خانواده‌های زن سرپرست تحت پوشش اداره بهزیستی شهر مشهد. مطالعات اجتماعی روانشناختی زنان، 18(1)،65-104.
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Agrawal, G., & Keshri, K. (2014). Morbidity patterns and health care seeking behavior among older widows in India. PLoS ONE, 9(4), e94295. https://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0094295
Akbari Torkamani, N., Ghasemi, V., & Aqababaee, E. (2018). Empowering Female- headed Households in District 5 of Isfahan with Emphasis on Occupation Factor. Women's Studies Sociological and Psychological, 16(3), 7-36. [Text in Persian]
Akin, A., & Akin, U. (2015). Self-compassion as a predictor of social safeness in Turkish university students. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 47(1), 43-49.
Arimitsu, K., & Hofmann, S. G. (2015). Cognitions as mediators in the relationship between self-compassion and effect. Personality and Individual Differences, 74, 41–48. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.paid.2014.10.008
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D.A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182.
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (2000). Manual for the Beck depression inventory II. San Antonio. TX: The Psychological Corporation.
Ben-Zur, H. (2012). Loneliness, optimism, and well-being among married, divorced, and widowed individuals. The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 146(1-2), 23-36
Blutha, K., & Blanton, P. W. (2015). The influence of self-compassion on emotional well-being among early and older adolescent males and females. Journal of Pos Psychology, 10(3), 219–230.
Burns, R. A., Browning, C. J., & Kendig, H. L. (2015). Examining the 160‐ year trajectories of mental health and wellbeing through the transition into widowhood. International Psychogeriatrics, 27(12), 1979–1986.
Busari, A. O., & Folaranmi, O. O. (2014). An Empirical inquiry to psychological variables constituting stress: Middle-aged widows in rural communities in Nigeria. Journal of Pan African Studies, 7(3), 210-222.
Cheng, S. T., Chan, T. W. S., Li, G. H. K., & Leung, E. M. F. (2014). Childlessness and subjective well‐being in Chinese widowed persons. The Journals of Gerontology Series B, 69 (1), 48–52.
Chitrali, J.A., Anwar, A.(2013). Socio-psychological consequences of spouse's death on widows of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Putaj Humanities & Social Sciences, 20(1), 147-156.
El Mozini, O.( 2011). Psychological suffering to the wives of the martyrs of the war in Gaza 2008, in the light of some variables, Journal of humanistic of Islamic University,19(2), 273-304.
Erlangsen, A., Runeson, B., & Bolton, J. M. (2017) Association between spousal suicide and mental, physical, and social health outcomes: a longitudinal and nationwide register-based study. JAMA Psychiatry, 74(5), 456–464.
Evans, S., Wyka, K., Blaha, K. T., & Allen, E. S. (2018). Self-compassion mediates improvement in well-being in a mindfulness-based stress reduction program in a community-based sample. Mindfulness, 9(4), 1280–1287.
Ferrari, M., Hunt, C., Harrysunker, A., Abbott, M. J., Beath, A. P., & Einstein, D. A. (2019). Self-compassion interventions and psychosocial outcomes: A meta-analysis of RCTs. Mindfulness, 10(8), 1455–1473.
Holm, A. L., Berland, A. K., & Severinsson, E. (2019). Factors that influence the health of older widows and widowers—A systematic review of quantitative research. Nursing Open, 6(2), 591–611.
Inwood, E., & Ferrari, M. (2018). Mechanisms of change in the relationship between self-compassion, emotion regulation, and mental health: A systematic review. Applied Psychology and Health Well Being, 10(2), 215–235.
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