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ساختهای همسانی در زبان فارسی | ||
| زبان پژوهی | ||
| مقاله 9، دوره 13، شماره 38، اردیبهشت 1400، صفحه 243-267 اصل مقاله (620.06 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22051/jlr.2018.20320.1548 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| پریسا نجفی1؛ جلال رحیمیان* 2 | ||
| 1دانشجوی دکتری زبان‌شناسی، بخش زبانهای خارجی و زبان‌شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه شیراز | ||
| 2استاد زبان‌شناسی همگانی، بخش زبانهای خارجی و زبان‌شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه شیراز | ||
| چکیده | ||
| ساختهای همسانی به سببِ شباهت صوری و معنایی با ساختهای تشابهی، به شیوة مطلوبی مورد پژوهش قرار نگرفته‌اند. هسپلمت و همکاران (Haspelmath et al, 2017) بر مبنای بررسی‌های رده‌شناختی، شش گونه پایه از ساختهای همسانی را به صورت الگوهای جداگانه‌ای ارائه می‌کنند و بر اساس این شش الگو، سه تعمیم بینازبانی را نیز ارائه می‌دهد. در پژوهش حاضر، با بررسی ساختهای همسانی در زبان فارسی به این نتیجه دست یافتیم که در این زبان می‌توان به وجود چهار گونه از شش گونه ساختهای پایه موردِ اشاره در زبان فارسی معتقد بود و دو گونة دیگر نیز به صورت مشروط مورد پذیرش هستند. نگارندگان با بررسی دیگر شیوه‌های بیانِ ساختهای همسانی در زبان فارسی، گونة هفتمی از ساختهای موردِ اشاره را نیز ارائه می‌دهند. همچنین در پیوند با تعمیم‌های مطرح‌شده، تعمیم‌های یک و دو در زبان فارسی معتبر بوده‌اند، ولی بخش نخستِ تعمیم سه، با داده‌های زبان فارسی ناسازگار است. شاید دلیل آن را بتوان به ماهیتِ ترتیبِ واژگانیِ آزاد زبان فارسی نسبت داد. گفتنی است که داده‌های پژوهش حاضر بر مبنای پیکره‌ای متشکل از متن کتاب‌های داستانیِ نزدیک به زبان گفتار، گفتارِ عادیِ گویشوران و شِّم زبانی نگارندگان فراهم شده‌اند. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| ساختهای همسانی؛ ساختهای تشابهی؛ تعمیم بینازبانی | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Equative constructions in Persian language | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Parisa Najafi1؛ Jalal Rahimian2 | ||
| 1PhD Candidate, General Linguistics, - Department of Foreign languages and Linguistics, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran | ||
| 2PhD, Linguistics, Professor in Department of Foreign languages and Linguistics, Faculty member of Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Equative constructions have not been desirably studied due to their formal and semantic similarity to similative constructions. Haspelmath (2017) proposed the six basic types of equative constructions in distinct patterns based on typological studies. The five key components in an equative construction, are illustrated in (1), using an English and a French example. The six types can be characterized with reference to these five components: (1) 1 2 3 4 5 comparee degree-marker parameter standard-marker standard Mary is [as beautiful] [as Lili]. Mary est [aussi belle] [que Lili]. As Haspelmath (2017) points out, an equative construction must allow a way to express the PARAMETER (component3, some gradable property concept words, usually are called adjective), the COMPAREE (component 1, the first referent to be compared), and the STANDARD (component 5, the other referent to which the first referent is compared). Regarding the equative constructions in Persian language, as far as the authors have considered, no research has been done. However, some works of research can be mentioned regarding the methods of expressing analogy and similarity, such as; Shariat (1988), Arzhang (1971), Farshidvar (2009) among them. In this paper, however, we intend to answer the following questions by studying equative constructions: 1- What will be the representation of different types of equative constructions in Persian language? 2- what are the generalizations given about equative structures in Persian? The data used in the present study comes from two main sources: from published stories and novels with colloquial styles, and from daily conversations of people around. The methodology used to collect the data was, primarily, direct elicitation of sentences. The authors built contexts and ask people to make a constructions according to that contexts. We tried to provide enough context to give a clear view of the use of the construction in question. After studying the data, the authors identified seven types of equative construction in Persian, which are introduced as follows. Type 1: this type of equative construction in the most common type in data. It consists of a predicative parameter plus compare and standard. There is an equative standard-marker, but no equative degree marker. 1. Mɑ mesle to hɑzerjavab nistim. We like you spontaneous are not We are not as spontaneous as you. Type 2: In this type of equative constructions, in addition to the three main components (comparee, standard, parameter), there is also a degree-marker and a standard standard-marker. In Persian, as far as the authors have considered, there is no construction in which the standard-marker and the degree-marker can be shown at the same time based on type 2, but there is a construction similar to the type 2 in such a way: “comparee+ preposition+ nominal adjective+ Ezafe+ standard”: 2. Afshin be zerangi-e Bijan nist. Afshin as smart as Bijan is not. Afshin is not as smart as Bijan. In (2) we can consider preposition (be) as a degree-marker and Ezafe as a standard-marker. Type 3: This type consists of a predicative parameter with an equative degree-marker, the comparee and standard referents are unified, i.e. they are expressed as a single conjoined or plural noun phrase (‘Afshin and his brother’). There can thus be no standard-marker. As Haspelmath (2017) points out, “This construction can also be regarded as a kind of reciprocal construction.” [Afshin va barɑdar-ash] ham qiɑfe-and. Afshin and brother-his the sam appearance are. Afshin and his brother are the same. (have the same appearance) Type 4: this type of equative construction contains a verb as its primary predicate that in other contexts represents a notion of ‘residan= reaching’ or ‘raftan= take after’, there are comparee as subject and the standard as second argument that is generally the object, and the parameter that expresses as a kind of oblique constituent (‘in kindness’). 4. Sɑrɑ tu mehrabɑni be Maryam nemiresad. Sɑrɑ in kindness to Maryam doesn’t reach. Sɑrɑ does not reach Maryam in kindness. Type 5: In this type of equative construction, there are comparee and standard as a continuous unit as a subject, a verb expresses the notion of “reaching or equalling” and a parameter as an oblique constituent (tu zibaei). 5. [Afshin va Bijan] tu zibɑei be ham miresan. Afshin and Bijan in beauty to eachother reach. Afshin and Bijan are equal (to each other) in beauty. Type 6: In this type there is a parameter as the first predicate, and a second verb that expresses a notion of ‘residan=reaching’ or ‘yeki shodan=equaling’. This type of construction does not exist in Persian as far as the authors have considered. In more precise terms, it is not possible to use an adjective as the first predicate and a verb as the second predicate at the same time. But the construction is used with a attributive adjective, such as in example (6): 6. Zibɑei-e Arash be pedaresh nemirese. beauty-Ezafe (of) Arash to his father doesn’t reach. Arashʹs beauty doesn’t reach to his father (beauty). Type 7: In this type of equative construction, comparee and standard is used along with the verb of “reaching/ equalling”. There is standard-marker without standard, it inferred from the context. The important point that distinguishes this type of construction from other constructions is that the comparee also has a marker that appears as a postposition (after comparee). 7. Maryam ham be mɑdaresh rafte. Maryam as well to her mother take after. Maryam takes after his mother (in manner). Based on the research findings, some generalizations of equative constructions in Persian can be provided. First, [if the Ezafe is considered as a standard-marker] there is no equative construction in Persian that has a degree-marker but left the standard without any marker. Second, in all examples of equative constructions in Persian that the parameter appears as a predicate, the parameter is placed after the standard, and according to Haspelmath (2017), in such a situation, the language has an object-verb word order. According to Dabir Moghaddam (2001), Persian language, especially in the field of simple sentences, tends to have a predominant object-verb order. Therefore, the mentioned generalization is valid in Persian language equative constructions. Third, in all examples of equative constructions (with predicative parameters) with the order of [parameter + standard] in spoken and written data, the standard-marker is placed before the standard. This violates Haspelmath's (2016) prediction. Perhaps the reason for this discrepancy can be attributed to the nature of the free word order of the Persian language. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Cross generalizations, Equative construction, Similative constructions | ||
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| مراجع | ||
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ارژنگ، غلامرضا (1350). صفت و نقش دستوری آن در زبان فارسی معاصر. فصل‌نامه دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی دانشگاه تهران. سال 18. شماره 3. صفحه 1-28. خانلری، پرویز (1377). دستور زبان فارسی. تهران: توس. رضایی، والی و امین کریمی و رضوان متولیان نائینی (1397). «صفت‌سازی و صفت‌زدایی در زبان فارسی از دیدگاه سرنمون رده‌شناختی». مطالعات زبانها و گویشهای غرب ایران. سال 6. شمارة 20. صص 91-107. رضایی، والی و شهرام پیمان و محمد عموزاده (1394). «جایگاه گروه صفتی زبان فارسی در دستور نقش و ارجاع». پژوهشهای زبانی. سال 6. شمارۀ 4. صص 41-60. رضایی، والی و معصومه دیانتی (1394). «نگاهی رده شناختی به مقولة صفت در زبان فارسی». فصل‌نامه زبان و ادب فارسی دانشکده ادبیات و زبانهای خارجی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد سنندج. سال 7. شماره 23. صص 113-134. شریعت، محمد جواد (1367). دستور زبان فارسی. تهران : اساطیر. صحابی، ساریه (1393). «تحول تاریخی ساختهای صفات تفضیلی و عالی در ایرانی باستان و ایرانی میانة غربی و فارسی نو». پژوهشهای زبانی. سال 5. شمارۀ 1. صص 41-56. فرشیدور، خسرو (1388). دستور مفصل امروز. تهران: سخن. کریمی، احمد و ام البنین خلیلی سورکوهی (1395). «بررسی صفت در گویش گیلکی رودسر». ارائه شده در کنفرانس بین‌المللی ادبیات و زبان شناسی. 29-30 تیر 1395. انجمن علمی هم اندیشان مبتکر ایران زمین. تهران. کریمی، امین و والی رضایی (1396). صفت‌های ایستا و ناایستا در زبان فارسی. زبان‌پژوهی. دوره 9. شماره 15. صفحه 59-78. References | ||
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