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واکاوی پدیدارشناسانه تجارب زیسته زنان قربانی تعرض جنسی شهر تهران | ||
| مطالعات اجتماعی روان شناختی زنان | ||
| مقاله 4، دوره 18، شماره 4 - شماره پیاپی 65، دی 1399، صفحه 127-162 اصل مقاله (545.33 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22051/jwsps.2021.34123.2335 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| لیلا اکبری* 1؛ آتوسا کلانترهرمزی2؛ کیومرث فرحبخش3 | ||
| 1ویسنده مسئول: کارشناسی ارشد مشاوره توانبخشی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی leilaakbari19@gmail.com | ||
| 2دانشیار و عضو هیئت علمی گروه مشاوره دانشکده روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی At.kalantar@yahoo.com | ||
| 3دانشیار و عضو هیئت علمی گروه مشاوره دانشکده روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی kiiumars@yahoo.com | ||
| چکیده | ||
| پژوهش حاضر یک پژوهش کیفی با هدف بررسی پدیدارشناسانه تجارب زیسته زنان قربانی تعرض جنسی است. جامعه پژوهش حاضر را بانوانی تشکیل می دهند که مورد آزار و اذیت و تجاوز به عنف قرار گرفته بودند و پژوهشگر در روند درمان آن‌ها هیچگونه مداخله‌ای نداشته است. مشارکت‌کنندگان به صورت نمونه‌گیری گلوله برفی تا حد اشباع (12 نفر مشارکت کننده) انتخاب گردیدند. با استفاده از مصاحبه نیمه ساختار یافته اطلاعات مرتبط با افراد نمونه جمع آوری شد و با رویکرد پدیدارشناسی توصیفی و به روش کلایزی یافته‌ها تحلیل شد. پس از تحلیل محتوای مصاحبه‌ها و کدگذاری آن‌ها، یافته‌ها شامل 8 مقوله اصلی(خلق پایین،استرس پس از سانحه، خشونت، خلأ اعتماد به خود، مکانیزم‌های جبرانی ناکارآمد، دریافت واکنش‌های آزار دهنده از جانب دیگران، پیامدهای منفی و بازدارنده در زندگی روزمره، جبران سازنده) و 37 مقوله فرعی بود . یافته‌های پژوهش نشان داد زنانی که مورد تعرض جنسی قرار گرفته‌اند همچنان با گذشت سال‌ها از وقوع حادثه، نتوانسته‌اند با اختلال‌های پس از اضطراب آن کنار آمده و یا آن را فراموش کنند و این امر در آنان به‌صورت طرحواره درآمده‌است. همچنین بیشترین علامت دیده شده در آن‌ها افسردگی و پرخاشگری بود و عوامل اجتماعی و فرهنگی در درمان نشدنشان موثر بوده است. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| پدیدارشناسی؛ تجربه زیسته زنان؛ تعرض جنسی | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Phenomenological Analysis of the Lived Experiences of Female Victims of Sexual Harassment in Tehran city | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Leila Akbari1؛ Atousa Kalantarhormozi2؛ Kiuoomars Farahbakhsh3 | ||
| 1Ms. in Rehabilitation Counseling, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Science, Allameh Tabataba`I University, Tehran, Iran .Corresponding Author: leilaakbari19@yahoo.com | ||
| 2Associate Professor, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Science, Allameh Tabataba`I University, Tehran, Iran. At.kalantar@yahoo.com | ||
| 3Associate Professor, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Science, Allameh Tabataba`I University, Tehran, Iran. kiiumars@yahoo.com | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| The present study is a qualitative study to phenomenologically examine lived experiences of women victims of sexual assault. The subjects of the study population were women who had been harassed and raped, and the researcher did not interfere in their treatment. Among this population, sampling was done snowball sampling (12 people). Using semi-structured interviews, information related to the sample was collected, and the findings were analyzed by the descriptive phenomenological approach and Colaizzi’s method. After analyzing the content of the interviews and coding them, the findings include 8 main categories (low mood, post-traumatic stress, violence, lack of self-confidence, dysfunctional compensatory mechanisms, receiving annoying reactions from others, negative and deterrent consequences in daily life, constructive compensation) and 37 sub-categories. Findings showed that women who have been sexually assaulted still years after the accident, have not been able to cope with post-anxiety disorders or forget about it, and this has become a schema in them. Also, the most common symptoms were depression and aggression, and social and cultural factors were found to be effective in not treating them. Keywords Phenomenology, Women's lived experience, Sexual assault. Introduction Sexual harassment is a relatively common experience in the lives of women worldwide and has been recognized by the United Nations as a human rights issue. This violence includes physical, emotional, and sexual violence (Herman,2001). It is estimated that at least one in three women has been sexually assaulted, coerced, or abused in her lifetime (Tavara,2006). The negative consequences and harmful effects of sexual violence are well documented and have been known to persist for many years after the assault (Ellsberg & Heise, 2005). In sexual assault, invasion of a person's privacy often leads to damage to the mental system and identity. The experience of being sexually assaulted can inflict severe psychological blows on a person since, at the time, all of the person's psychological defense mechanisms are disrupted and even paralyzed. This horrible event causes a person to feel the world around him no longer as it was in the past, but as an "insecure world." Therefore, given the issues raised in this study, the researcher intends to examine the lived experiences of women who are victims of violence. Research Objectives This study examines the phenomena experienced by women who are victims of sexual assault and analyzes these experiences as these women often suffer from traumas and psychological distress that can call into question the continuation of their lives. Therefore, this study aims to investigate these traumas and psychological distress and to examine the lived experience of these women who have been sexually abused, and examine the effects of this experience on their personal lives. Methodology The current qualitative research was based on a descriptive phenomenological method for which data were collected from 2019 to 2020. The study aims to answer the question "How sexual harassment experience affect the daily life of assaulted women?". Study participants were selected from women and girls who had been sexually assaulted outside the home by persons other than close incest, and at least 6 months had elapsed since the survey. Participants were asked to take part in several groups in cyberspace and continue with the snowball method by initiating an interview. Accordingly, in this study, a semi-structured interview was conducted with 12 people with face-to-face conversation in public via online interviews. Data were analyzed using the Colaizzi method. In the final validation, the criteria of acceptability and reliability were used. To confirm the validity, each participant was provided with the information on each interview after analysis, and necessary corrections were made based on their opinions. For reliability, the findings, including the main categories and sub-categories, were reviewed, consulted, and revised based on the opinions of the faculty members of the Counseling Department of the Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences of Allameh Tabatabai University. Results The findings include 8 main categories (low mood, post-traumatic stress, violence, lack of self-confidence, dysfunctional compensatory mechanisms, annoying reactions from others, negative and deterrent consequences in daily life, constructive compensation) and 37 sub-categories. Findings suggest that even after many years, victims are not still able to cope with post-anxiety disorders or forget about the event, and this has become a schema in their minds. Also, the most common symptoms were depression and aggression, and social and cultural factors failed to treat them. Discussion Depression, defined as low mood, is the most intense emotional response commonly found in sexual assault victims. It is among the most important meanings in the study of the lived experiences of women exposed to sexual harassment. Depression is a multidimensional construct with many causes, among them is sexual violence, which can be short or long term. Type of depression caused by sexual harassment may last for years for those who have been sexually harassed. Feeling of loneliness, due to the inability to communicate with peers, as well as lack of self-confidence was also expressed by respondents. In this study, victims of sexual assault also mentioned common disorders, including night restlessness and sleep disorders. Intellectual self-harm, which in this study includes suicidal ideation and termination, is one of the important meanings in examining the lived experience of victims, and it’s closely related to physical self-harm and addiction. In the statement of respondents, retaliation is also obvious as an ineffective compensation mechanism. Sexual assault seriously affects the social interactions of assaulted women also. Distrust is a major factor in isolating interactions of victims, and negative reactions, especially from family members and school peers as the first and second supporting societies, play a significant role in this isolation. Another finding is that women who have this experience support each other. To have religious and spiritual beliefs is their compensatory mechanism to reduce the harm as well. Another compensatory system was achievements in employment, education, and work. As stated before, sexually assaulted women after years have not been able to cope with post-anxiety disorders or forget about it, and this has become a schema in their minds. The women in the study shared their schema in response to the question, "How has sexual assault affected your outlook and feelings about the world around you?",they replied so "This world was not meant to be mine." Common symptoms include depression and aggression, and two women reported bipolar disorder as diagnosed by a physician. Some of their childhood experiences of sexual assault have been neglected by their parents or they have not received the necessary training in this regard and this causes psychological conflict like anger and constant low mood. Social and cultural factors have also been involved in the severity of subsequent disorders, especially the fear of others' awareness, and accepting the stigma has been effective on their veiling and not legally suing the rapist. Another preventive problem for these women is not talking about their lived experiences with others which is due to social unacceptance, negative attitudes, and misconceptions existing in the society and the person's own belief that talking about their experience is considered a bad and immoral thing and thus hid it in the treasury of their hearts. Rape usually contains early and late consequences. One of its most important early consequences is the state of shock. Delayed side effects include helplessness and lack of control. Sexual assault is even more damaging when forced by a trusted person and repeatedly. When recurring over and over, the victim is severely damaged and would permanently feel helpless and out of control, increasing the vulnerability to a variety of severe disorders including suicide, and leaving the person without inner control. If the victim remains silent after the attack and no legal action is taken, the likelihood of relapse and therefore consequent harms increases. References Ahrens, C. E., Abeling, S., Ahmad, S., & Hinman, J. (2010). Spirituality and well-being: The relationship between religious coping and recovery from sexual assault. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25, 1242-1263. Bäck, A. (2004). Thinking clearly about violence. Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition, 117(1/2), 219-230. Boudlaei, H., & Ahoupay, M. (2018). A Phenomenological Perspective on Iranian Entrepreneurship < /em>. Tehran: Sociologists Publications. [Text in Persian] Flo Arcas, A. (2018). Life after sexual assault: exploring women's experiences of inner resources: a phenomenological approach (Doctoral dissertation, City, University of London). Campbell, R., Adams, A. E., Wasco, S. M., Ahrens, C. E., & Sefl, T. (2010). “What has it been like for you to talk with me today?”: The impact of participating in interview research on rape survivors. Violence against women, 16(1), 60-83. Creamer, M., Burgess, P., & McFarlane, A. C. (2001). Post-traumatic stress disorder: findings from the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-being. Psychological medicine, 31(7), 1237-1247. Davison, G.C., Neale, J.M., & Kring, A.M. (2004). Abnormal Psychology. 9th Edition. US: Wiley & Sons. Ellsberg, M., Heise, L., & World Health Organization. (2005). Researching violence against women: a practical guide for researchers and activists. Gibson, L, M., Parker, V. (2003). Inner resources as predictors of psychological wellbeing in middle-income African American breast cancer survivors. Cancer, culture and literacy supplement. Cancer Central. 10(5), 52-71. Giorgi, A. P., & Giorgi, B. M. (2012). The descriptive phenomenological psychological method. Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, vol. 43,3-12. Haghighatmanesh, E., Agha Mohammadian Sherbaf, H. R., Ghanbari Hashemabadi, B. A., & Mahram, B. (2010). Early maladaptive Schemas and Schema Domains in Rapists. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 2(61), 145-153. [Text in Persian] Heath, N. M., Lynch, S. M., Fritch, A. M., McArthur, L. N., & Smith, S. L. (2011). Silent survivors: Rape myth acceptance in incarcerated women’s narratives of disclosure and reporting of rape. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 35(4), 596-610. Heise, L., Ellsberg, M., & Gottemoeller, M. (1999). Ending violence against women. Population reports, 27(4), 1-1. Hellman, A. N. (2016). A hermeneutic phenomenological study of the lived experience of adult female sexual assault survivors. Herman, J. L. (2001). Trauma and Recovery: From Domestic Abuse to Political Terror. 1992. London: Pandora. Hester, M., & Lilley, S. J. (2018). More than support to court: Rape victims and specialist sexual violence services. International review of victimology, 24(3), 313-328. Hughes, E., Lucock, M., & Brooker, C. (2019). Sexual violence and mental health services: a call to action. Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences, 28(6), 594-597. Janoff-Bulman, R. (1979). Characterological versus behavioral self-blame: Inquiries into depression and rape. Journal of personality and social psychology, 37(10), 1798. Kalmakis, K. A. (2011). Struggling to survive: The experiences of women sexually assaulted while intoxicated. Journal of forensic nursing, 7(2), 60-67. Kar, M. (2008). A Research About Violence Against Women in Iran. Tehran: Roshangaran Publication. 4th edition. 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Vicarious traumatization: A framework for understanding the psychological effects of working with victims. Journal of traumatic stress, 3(1), 131-149. Martínez, M. P., Miró, E., & Arriaza, R. (2005). Evaluation of the distress and effects caused by nightmares: A study of the psychometric properties of the Nightmare Distress Questionnaire and the Nightmare Effects Survey. Sleep and Hypnosis, 7(1), 29. Miller, A. K., Handley, I. M., Markman, K. D., & Miller, J. H. (2010). Deconstructing self-blame following sexual assault: The critical roles of cognitive content and process. Violence Against Women, 16(10), 1120-1137. Nahidi, F., Khademi, N., Erisian, M., & PurHosseinGholi A. (2015). Prevalence of Anxiety among Rape Victims. JHC, 17 (4), 311-318. [Text in Persian] Nahidi, F., Khademi, N., Erisian, M,. & PurHosseinGholi, A. (2016). Prevalence of Anxiety among Rape Victims. Journal of Health and Care, 17(4), 311-318. [Text in Persian] The National Alliance to End Sexual Violence (NAESV). (2011). The Costs and Consequences of Sexual Violence and Cost-Effective Solutions. Violence Against Women, Volume 12 Number 1 January 2006. 30-45. Nelson, C. J., Rosenfeld, B., Breitbart, W., & Galietta, M. (2002). Spirituality, religion, and depression in the terminally ill. Psychosomatics, 43(3), 213-220. Patton, M. Q. (2002). Designing Qualitative Studies. Qualitative Research And Evaluation Methods, 3, 230-246. RAINN (2009). Effects of rape. Retrieved from https://www.rainn.org/getinformation/statistics/sexual-assault-victims. Shahali, Sh., Mohammadi, E., Lamyian, M. Kashanian, M., & Eslami, M. (2014). Experience of Healthcare Providers to Deal with Victims of Sexual Assault: A Qualitative Research. Journal of qualitative research in health sciences. 3(1), 37-50. [Text in Persian] Schauben, L. J., & Frazier, P. A. (1995). Vicarious trauma the effects on female counselors of working with sexual violence survivors. Psychology of women quarterly, 19(1), 49-64. Smith, M. E., & Kelly, L. M. (2001). The journey of recovery after a rape experience. Issues in mental health nursing, 22(4), 337-352. Sohrabzadeh, M., & Mansoriyan Ravandi, F. (2017). Women's Lived Experience of Verbal Violence in the Family (Case Study: Women in Kashan). Journal of Women in Culture and Arts, 9(2), 245-264. [Text in Persian] Tavara, L. (2006). Sexual violence. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology,20(3), 395-408. Ullman, S. E. (2004). Sexual assault victimization and suicidal behavior in women: A review of the literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 9(4), 331-351. Ullman, S., & Najdowski, C. (2009). Correlates of serious suicidal ideation and attempts in female adult sexual assault survivors. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 39(1), 47-57. Van Mannen, M. (2017). Researching Lived Experience. Human Science for an Action Sensitive Pedagogy. Ontario. Canada. Vasegh Rahimparvar, S. F., Mottaghi, B., Daneshparvar, H., & Jafari, A. (2015). The Study of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Women Complaining of Rape Referred to Legal Medicine Center in Tehran in 2013. Sci J Forensic Med, 21(1), 47-52. [Text in Persian] Young, Jeffrey. E. (2003). Cognitive Therapy for Personality Disorder. Translated by Ali Sahebi and Hasan Hamidianpour, Tehran: Agah Publishing. (Original work Published 2003). [Text in Persian] | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Phenomenology, Women Lived experience, Sexual assault | ||
| مراجع | ||
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Bäck, A. (2004). Thinking clearly about violence. Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition, 117(1/2), 219-230.
Boudlaei, H., & Ahoupay, M. (2018). A Phenomenological Perspective on Iranian Entrepreneurship. Tehran: Sociologists Publications. [Text in Persian]
Flo Arcas, A. (2018). Life after sexual assault: exploring women's experiences of inner resources: a phenomenological approach (Doctoral dissertation, City, University of London).
Campbell, R., Adams, A. E., Wasco, S. M., Ahrens, C. E., & Sefl, T. (2010). “What has it been like for you to talk with me today?”: The impact of participating in interview research on rape survivors. Violence against women, 16(1), 60-83.
Creamer, M., Burgess, P., & McFarlane, A. C. (2001). Post-traumatic stress disorder: findings from the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-being. Psychological medicine, 31(7), 1237-1247.
Davison, G.C., Neale, J.M., & Kring, A.M. (2004). Abnormal Psychology. 9th Edition. US: Wiley & Sons.
Ellsberg, M., Heise, L., & World Health Organization. (2005). Researching violence against women: a practical guide for researchers and activists.
Gibson, L, M., Parker, V. (2003). Inner resources as predictors of psychological wellbeing in middle-income African American breast cancer survivors. Cancer, culture and literacy supplement. Cancer Central. 10(5), 52-71.
Giorgi, A. P., & Giorgi, B. M. (2012). The descriptive phenomenological psychological method. Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, vol. 43,3-12.
Haghighatmanesh, E., Agha Mohammadian Sherbaf, H. R., Ghanbari Hashemabadi, B. A., & Mahram, B. (2010). Early maladaptive Schemas and Schema Domains in Rapists. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 2(61), 145-153. [Text in Persian]
Heath, N. M., Lynch, S. M., Fritch, A. M., McArthur, L. N., & Smith, S. L. (2011). Silent survivors: Rape myth acceptance in incarcerated women’s narratives of disclosure and reporting of rape. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 35(4), 596-610.
Heise, L., Ellsberg, M., & Gottemoeller, M. (1999). Ending violence against women. Population reports, 27(4), 1-1.
Hellman, A. N. (2016). A hermeneutic phenomenological study of the lived experience of adult female sexual assault survivors.
Herman, J. L. (2001). Trauma and Recovery: From Domestic Abuse to Political Terror. 1992. London: Pandora.
Hester, M., & Lilley, S. J. (2018). More than support to court: Rape victims and specialist sexual violence services. International review of victimology, 24(3), 313-328.
Hughes, E., Lucock, M., & Brooker, C. (2019). Sexual violence and mental health services: a call to action. Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences, 28(6), 594-597.
Janoff-Bulman, R. (1979). Characterological versus behavioral self-blame: Inquiries into depression and rape. Journal of personality and social psychology, 37(10), 1798.
Kalmakis, K. A. (2011). Struggling to survive: The experiences of women sexually assaulted while intoxicated. Journal of forensic nursing, 7(2), 60-67.
Kar, M. (2008). A Research About Violence Against Women in Iran. Tehran: Roshangaran Publication. 4th edition. [Text in Persian]
Kelleher, C. (2009). The ‘hidden’costs of sexual violence: A multi-dimensional approach to the impact and experience of trauma” (Doctoral dissertation, National University of Ireland Maynooth).
Kharamin, S. A., Gorji, R., Gholam Zade, S., & Amini, K. (2012). The Prevalence Rate of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in the Rape Victims of Kohgiloyeh and Boyairahmad Province during (2011-2012). Iranian Journal of Forensic Medicine,18(2 and 3), 99-106. [Text in Persian]
Langman, L., & Chung, M. C. (2013). The relationship between forgiveness, spirituality, traumatic guilt and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among people with addiction. Psychiatric Quarterly, 84(1), 11-26.
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