دانشگاه الزهرا

  اخبار و اعلانات

 آمار

تعداد نشریات25
تعداد شماره‌ها951
تعداد مقالات7,816
تعداد مشاهده مقاله12,972,705
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله9,205,269
مطوری, حسین, ویسی, الخاص, گرجیان, بهمن, معماری, مهران. (1400). بازنمایی خط ذهنی زمان در ساختار زبانی گویشوران فارسی زبان. جلوه هنر, 13(41), 9-32. doi: 10.22051/jlr.2021.4658
حسین مطوری; الخاص ویسی; بهمن گرجیان; مهران معماری. "بازنمایی خط ذهنی زمان در ساختار زبانی گویشوران فارسی زبان". جلوه هنر, 13, 41, 1400, 9-32. doi: 10.22051/jlr.2021.4658
مطوری, حسین, ویسی, الخاص, گرجیان, بهمن, معماری, مهران. (1400). 'بازنمایی خط ذهنی زمان در ساختار زبانی گویشوران فارسی زبان', جلوه هنر, 13(41), pp. 9-32. doi: 10.22051/jlr.2021.4658
مطوری, حسین, ویسی, الخاص, گرجیان, بهمن, معماری, مهران. بازنمایی خط ذهنی زمان در ساختار زبانی گویشوران فارسی زبان. جلوه هنر, 1400; 13(41): 9-32. doi: 10.22051/jlr.2021.4658

بازنمایی خط ذهنی زمان در ساختار زبانی گویشوران فارسی زبان

زبان پژوهی
مقاله 1، دوره 13، شماره 41، دی 1400، صفحه 9-32    اصل مقاله (600.29 K)
نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22051/jlr.2021.4658
نویسندگان
حسین مطوری1؛ الخاص ویسی* 2؛ بهمن گرجیان3؛ مهران معماری4
1استادیار گروه زبان انگلیسی، واحد بین المللی خرمشهر، دانشگاه ازاد اسلامی، خرمشهر، ایران
2دانشیار گروه زبانشناسی، دانشگاه پیام نور ایران
3دانشیار گروه زبانشناسی ، واحد آبادان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، آبادان، ایران
4استادیار گروه آموزش زبان انگلیسی، دانشگاه فرهنگیان اهواز، اهواز، ایران
چکیده
پژوهش حاضر، جهتِ خطِ ذهنیِ زمان را در ایماء و اشاره‌های غیر کلامی، چینش واژها و تصاویر زمانی تحت تأثیر استعاره­های زبانی و جهت راه رفتن، جهت نوشتاری زبان فارسی، و جهت نوشتاری ریاضیات و اعداد از منظر استعاره­ های مفهومی لیکاف و جانسون مورد بررسی قرار می­دهد. استعاره­ های مفهومی به ما کمک می­کنند تا مفاهیم انتزاعی را از طریق مفاهیم عینی دریابیم. برای نمونه، استعارۀ «زمان به مثابه فضا» بر این فرضیه استوار است که ما مفهوم انتزاعی چون زمان را از مفهوم عینی چون فضا الگوبرداری می­ کنیم و آن را در ذهن و زبان خود مفهوم‌سازی می ­نماییم. در این پژوهش، از سه نوع آزمون زبانی و غیر زبانی به روش تجربی بهره گرفته شده‌است. تعداد 137 دانشجوی زن و مرد با محدوۀ سنی 18 تا 30  سال از دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد خرمشهر و دانشگاه علوم پزشکی آبادان در این آزمون­ها شرکت نمودند. درصد و میانگین فراوانی رخ‌داد نمونه ­های مورد نظر جستار حاضر نشان داد که محور­های افقی جانبی راست به چپ برگرفته از جهت نوشتاری زبان فارسی، محور افقی سهمی پشتِ سر به روبه‌رو برگرفته از جهت راه رفتن و استعاره ­های زبانی، و جهت نگاه؛ و محور افقی جانبی چپ به راست برگرفته از جهت نوشتاری اعداد و ریاضیات مهمترین منابع اقتباسی مفاهیم انتزاعی زمان در زبان فارسی قلمداد می­گردند. خط ذهنی زمان در گویشوران زبان فارسی تحت تأثیر تجربه‌های شناختی و ذهن بدنمند آن‌ها بسیار تحت تأثیر فرهنگ و زبان است. به گونه‌ای‌که این خط به میزان قابل توجهی تحت تأثیر جهت نوشتاری زبان فارسی، استعاره ­های زبانی و جهت راه رفتن و نگاه شکل می­ گیرد. همچنین نوع آزمایش تأثیر به سزایی در جهت­ مندی خط ذهنی زمان در مفاهیم مورد آزمایش نشان داد.
 
کلیدواژه‌ها
خط ذهنی زمان؛ زبان فارسی؛ استعارۀ مفهومی
عنوان مقاله [English]
Representation of Mental Timeline in the Language Structure of Persian Speakers
نویسندگان [English]
Hossein Matoori1؛ Elkhas Veysi2؛ Bahman Gorjian3؛ Mehran Memari4
1Asistant Professor at Department of TEFL, Khorramshahr International Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khorramshahr, Iran
2Associate Professor at Department of Linguistics, Payame Noor University, Iran
3Associate Professor, Department of Linguistics, Abadan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Abadan, Iran
4Assistant Professor, TEFL Department, Farhangian University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
چکیده [English]
1.INTRODUCTION
One of the metaphors that has gained a lot of attention is “Time is Space”. This Metaphor is based on a theory that we perceive an abstract concept like time through a concrete concept like space and conceptualize it in our mind and language. To this end, the present research aims to examine space-time mapping in Persian based on conceptual metaphor theory proposed by Johnson & Lakoff to find out temporal frames of reference and their sources in Persian. To describe the relations, people have to choose a frame of reference, which is a coordinated system to describe relations between the movements of objects or events. Different cultures and speech communities have different construals of time. Three frames of reference to be investigated in Persian are adopted based on Levison’s (2006) model: Absolute, Intrinsic, and Relative. Other frames of reference to be examined are horizontal axes including sagittal (front to back and back to front) adopted from looking direction and linguistic metaphors which depict that future is front and past is back and lateral axis: right to left consistent with Persian writing/reading direction or left to right consistent with mathematics writing direction; however, vertical axis includes up-down and bottom-up axis as well as sagittal axis front to back and back to front.
 
2.METHOD
As a result, three tasks were designed for 137 male and female students ranging from 18 to 30 years of age at Islamic Azad University of Khorramshahr and Abadan Medical University. 
Task 1: Arrangement of temporal stickers/tokens
Four time expressions including morning, afternoon, evening, and night were labeled on four stickers respectively. Participants had to arrange them on the table. No reference point was given.
In another similar task yesterday, today, and tomorrow were labeled on three stickers. Again, they had to arrange them on the table, however, ‘today’ regarded as the reference point.
Task 2: Picture arrangement
Participants were asked to arrange seven sets of three or four pictures that illustrate the growing stages of living beings such as chicken, beans, and human, as well as events like seasons, meals, building a tower, and presidents. The pictures had to be arranged on a table in sequence from the earliest to the latest stage. Meals, which are breakfast, lunch, and dinner, were given a reference point with lunch.
Task 3: Co-speech gesture
Two basic temporal concepts were chosen to examine frames of reference in Persian: tomorrow and yesterday. Participants were asked to use body gestures to demonstrate yesterday and tomorrow.
 
3.RESULTS
Task 1: Arrangement of temporal stickers/tokens
Two arrangements for both yesterday, today, and tomorrow as well as morning, afternoon, evening, and night illustrate that  horizontal-lateral right to left pattern has the highest frequency of occurrence which is compatible with Persian writing direction. This frame of reference also demonstrates a timeline where right is earlier and left is later.
In addition, both tasks demonstrate an absolute frame of reference.
Task 2: Picture arrangement
All the seven task results point out that horizontal-lateral right to left pattern, that is % 61.62, has the highest frequency of occurrence which is compatible with Persian writing direction. Like task 2, this frame of reference also demonstrates a timeline where right is earlier and left is later. Meals had an intrinsic and the other 6 tasks had an absolute frame of reference.
Task 3: co-speech gesture
Horizontal-lateral right to left pattern gestures compatible with Persian writing direction, that is 46%, were used to act out future gestures; and horizontal-sagittal gestures incompatible with looking direction, walking direction, and linguistic metaphor were used to demonstrate yesterday.
Both tasks also show an absolute frame of reference.
Sample’s percentage and frequency of occurrence illustrated that lateral axis from right to left adopted from Persian writing direction; sagittal axis back to front adopted from walking direction, looking direction, linguistic metaphors; lateral axis from left to right adopted from mathematics writing direction are the main sources of adoption of abstract temporal concepts in Persian. In addition, absolute frame of reference was the major frame of reference in all tasks. Intrinsic and relative frames of references were also respectively used by the participants.
 
4.CONCLUSION
This research implied that the adopted frame of reference and the type of sagittal or lateral axis are strongly influenced by the type of task, pattern and design of the experiment, the given concepts, language and linguistic metaphors, and cultural artifacts. Although biological evolution may have laid the groundwork for the basic spatial construal of temporal experience in the broadest sense, it is cultural evolution that has determined its complexities and specificities.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
Conceptual Metaphor, Persian Language, Time Line
سایر فایل های مرتبط با مقاله
مراجع
  1. غلام‌علی زاده، مهران، علی رضا محمدرضایی و صادق فتحی دهکردی (1400). «بررسی تطبیقی استعاره مفهومی زمان درآثار محمود دولت آبادی و یوسف ادریس». زبان‌پژوهی. انتشار آنلاین، 20 تیر 1400.doi:10.22051/JLR.2021.35860.2026
  2. Bender, A., & Beller, S. (2014). Mapping spatial frames of reference onto time: A review of theoretical accounts and empirical findings. Cognition, 132(3), 342-382.
  3. Bennardo, G., Beller, S., & Bender, A. (2010). Temporal frames of reference: Conceptual analysis and empirical evidence from German, English, Mandarin Chinese and Tongan. Journal of Cognition and Culture, 10(3-4), 283-307.
  4. Bergen, B., & Chan Lau, T. T. (2012). Writing direction affects how people map space onto time. Frontiers in psychology, 3, 109, 1-5.
  5. Bonato, M., Priftis, K., Marenzi, R., Umiltà, C., & Zorzi, M. (2012). Deficits of contralesional awareness: A case study on what paper-and-pencil tests neglect. Neuropsychology, 26(1), 20-36.
  6. Bonato, M., Zorzi, M., & Umiltà, C. (2012). When time is space: evidence for a mental time line. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 36(10), 2257-2273.
  7. Boroditsky, L. (2001). Does language shape thought?: Mandarin and English speakers'' conceptions of time. Cognitive psychology, 43(1), 1-22.
  8. Bostan, İ., Börütecene, A., Özcan, O., & Göksun, T. (2016). Temporal expressions in speech and gesture. In A. Papafragou, D. Grodner, D. Mirman, & J.C. Trueswell (Eds.), Proceedings of the 38th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 1871-1876). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society.
  9. Brown, P. (2012). Time and space in Tzeltal: is the future uphill? Frontiers in psychology, 3, 212, 1-11.
  10. Casasanto, D., & Jasmin, K. (2012). The hands of time: Temporal gestures in English speakers. Cognitive Linguistics 23(4), 643 – 674
  11. Cooperrider, K., & Núñez, R. (2016). How we make sense of time. Scientific American, 27(6), 38-43.
  12. De Sousa, H. (2012). Generational differences in the orientation of time in Cantonese speakers as a function of changes in the direction of Chinese writing. Frontiers in psychology, 3, 255, 1-8.
  13. Evans, V. (2003). The structure of time: Language, meaning and temporal cognition: Amesterdam: John Benjamins Publishing.
  14. Fuhrman, O., & Boroditsky, L. (2007). Mental time-lines follow writing direction: Comparing English and Hebrew speakers. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 29, 1007-10011.
  15. Fuhrman, O., & Boroditsky, L. (2010). Cross‐cultural differences in mental representations of time: Evidence from an implicit nonlinguistic task. Cognitive science, 34(8), 1430-1451.
  16. Fuhrman, O., McCormick, K., Chen, E., Jiang, H., Shu, D., Mao, S., & Boroditsky, L. (2011). How linguistic and cultural forces shape conceptions of time: English and Mandarin time in 3D. Cognitive science, 35(7), 1305-1328.
  17. Galton, A. (2011). Time flies but space does not: Limits to the spatialisation of time. Journal of Pragmatics, 43(3), 695-703.
  18. Gholamalizadeh, M., Mohammadrezaei, A., Fathi, S. (2021). A Comparative Study of Time Metaphor in Mahmoud Dolatabadi and Yusuf Idris’ Novels. Zabanpazuhi. Available Online from 19 July 2021 doi: 10.22051/jlr.2021.35860.2026 [In Persian].
  19. Haspelmath, M. (1997). From space to time temporal adverbials in the world''s languages. Newcastle, UK: Lincom Europa.
  20. Hong, T., He, X., Tillman, R., Zhao, X., & Deng, Y. (2017). The Vertical and Horizontal Spatial-Temporal Conceptual Metaphor Representation of Chinese Temporal Words. Psychology, 8(11), 1679.
  21. Jamalian, A., & Tversky, B. (2012). Gestures alter thinking about time. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 34, 503-508. Retrieved from https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3372k7gs.
  22. Kolesari, J., & Carlson, L. (2018). How the physicality of space affects how we think about time. Memory & cognition, 46(3), 438-449.
  23. Kranjec, A. (2006). Extending spatial frames of reference to temporal concepts. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society. 28, 4447-452
  24. Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980). The metaphorical structure of the human conceptual system. Cognitive science, 4(2), 195-208.
  25. Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (2003). Metaphors we live by. Chicago: U of Chicago P.
  26. Le Guen, O., Balam, P., & Ildefonsa, L. (2012). No metaphorical timeline in gesture and cognition among Yucatec Mayas. Frontiers in psychology, 3, 271, 1-15.
  27. Levinson, S. C. (2006). The language of space in Yélî Dnye. in Yélî Dnye. In S. C. Levinson, & D. P. Wilkins (Eds.), Grammars of space: Explorations in cognitive diversity (pp. 157-203). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  28. Li, H. (2017). Time on hands. Gesture, 16(3), 396-415.
  29. McTaggart, J. E. (1908). The unreality of time. Mind, 457-474.
  30. Miles, L. K., Tan, L., Noble, G. D., Lumsden, J., & Macrae, C. N. (2011). Can a mind have two time lines? Exploring space–time mapping in Mandarin and English speakers. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 18(3), 598-604.
  31. Moore, K. E. (2004). Ego-based and field-based frames of reference in space to time metaphors. Language, culture, and mind, 151-165.
  32. Moore, K. E. (2006). Space-to-time mappings and temporal concepts. Cognitive Linguistics, 17(2), 199-244.
  33. Moore, K. E. (2011). Ego-perspective and field-based frames of reference: Temporal meanings of FRONT in Japanese, Wolof, and Aymara. Journal of Pragmatics, 43(3), 759-776.
  34. Moore, K. E. (2014). Metaphor, metonymy, and frames of reference. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
  35. Núñez, R. E., & Sweetser, E. (2006). With the future behind them: Convergent evidence from Aymara language and gesture in the crosslinguistic comparison of spatial construals of time. Cognitive science, 30(3), 401-450.
  36. Núñez, R., & Cooperrider, K. (2013). The tangle of space and time in human cognition. Trends in cognitive sciences, 17(5), 220-229.
  37. Rodríguez, L. (2019). “Time is not a line.” Temporal gestures in Chol Mayan. Journal of Pragmatics, 151, 1-17.
  38. Tenbrink, T. (2011). Reference frames of space and time in language. Journal of Pragmatics, 43(3), 704-722.
  39. Walker, E., & Cooperrider, K. (2016). The continuity of metaphor: Evidence from temporal gestures. Cognitive science, 40(2), 481-495.
  40. Weger, U. W., & Pratt, J. (2008). Time flies like an arrow: Space-time compatibility effects suggest the use of a mental timeline. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 15(2), 426-430.
  41. Yu, N. (2012). The metaphorical orientation of time in Chinese. Journal of Pragmatics, 44(10), 1335-1354.
  42. Zinken, J. (2010). Temporal frames of reference. In P. Chilton, V. Evans (Eds.), Language, cognition and space: the state of the art and new directions (pp. 479-498): Equinox Publishing Ltd.
آمار
تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 893
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 354


سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی. طراحی و پیاده سازی از سیناوب