پیوندهای مفید
اخبار و اعلانات
آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 25 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 939 |
| تعداد مقالات | 7,735 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 12,732,228 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 9,067,247 |
وضعیت سیاسی ایلام بعد از سقوط تا برآمدن هخامنشیان (550-646 پ.م) | ||
| تاریخ اسلام و ایران | ||
| مقاله 7، دوره 25، شماره 26، شهریور 1394، صفحه 143-178 اصل مقاله (1.35 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: علمی- پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22051/hii.2015.2066 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| زهرا کائید1؛ محمدتقی ایمان پور2 | ||
| 1دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد ایران باستان دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد | ||
| 2دانشیار تاریخ ایران باستان دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد | ||
| چکیده | ||
| سرزمین ایلام واقع در جنوب غربی ایران کانون یکی از کهن‌ترین تمدن‌های ایران باستان است و در مطالعات باستان‌شناختی دوران‌های آغازین تاریخی و شهرنشینی ایران اهمیتی ویژه دارد. منابع سومری نشان می‌دهد ایلام از هزارة سوم وارد صحنة تاریخی و سیاسی منطقه شد و پس از آن، شاهد حضور مداوم ایلام در رقابت‌ها و منازعات منطقه هستیم. سرانجام درپی حملات شدید آشوریان علیه ایلام، این فرمان‌روایی درازپای در سال 646پ.م به‌دست آشوربانیپال برچیده شد. در این پژوهش کوشیده‌ایم تا باکمک منابع میانرودی ایلامی و همچنین پژوهشهای جدید و ضمن تجزیه و تحلیل آن‌ها به این پرسش پاسخ دهیم که ایلام بعد از فروپاشی سیاسی تا روی کار آمدن هخامنشیان چه مسیری را پیموده است. بدین منظور در این پژوهش، به‌طور خلاصه ابتدا اوضاع ایلام بعد از حملات آشور و در ادامه چگونگی اوضاع آن در دورة بابل نو و مسائل مربوط به آن را بررسی می‌کنیم و در پایان، علایم نوزایی سیاسی ایلام را که در پیوند با منابع بومی این تمدن است، بازشناسی می‌کنیم. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| ایلام؛ شوش؛ آشور؛ دورة نوبابلی؛ نوزایی سیاسی | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Political Situation of Elam after Fall to Assyrians to Rise of Achaemenids (646-550 BC) | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Zahra Kayyed1؛ Mohammadtaghi Imanpour2 | ||
| 1MA Student in Ancient history of Iran, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad | ||
| 2Associated Professor of History of Ancient Iran, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Elam in south-west of Iran has been one of the oldest civilizations of Ancient. Its name has been mentioned in Sumerian sources from third millennium BC as nation that entered political competition in the region. Elam also continued to be one of the important political player in the region as finally following constantly pressure from Assyrian, Elam was defeated and its central government collapsed in 646 BC. In this research it has been tried, based on Mesopotamian and Elamite sources and newfound documents from southwest Iran and using historical methods, to examine the fate of Elam after its fall at hands of Assyrians from 646 to rise of Achaemenids in 550 BC.. For this purpose in this research we will first investigate political development in the region during this period and finally will show that despite the fall of Elamite central government in 646 BC, but after short pause, Elamite local governments continued to rule over Elam. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Elam, Susa, Assyria, Babylon, Elamite revival | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
منابع - بریان، پییر (1386). تاریخ امپراتوری هخامنشیان (از کورش تا اسکندر). ترجمة مهدی سمسار. ج1. تهران: زریاب. - پاتس، دنیل تی. (1390). باستانشناسی ایلام. ترجمة زهرا باستی. تهران: سمت. - کامرون، جورج (1365). ایران در سپیده‌دم تاریخ. ترجمة حسن انوشه. تهران: علمی و فرهنگی. - مجیدزاده، یوسف (1370). تاریخ و تمدن ایلام. تهران: مرکز نشر دانشگاهی. - ــــــــــــــــ (1379). تاریخ و تمدن بینالنهرین (تاریخ فرهنگی- اجتماعی). ج2. تهران: مرکز نشر دانشگاهی. - هینتس، والتر (1387). شهریاری ایلام. ترجمة پرویز رجبی. تهران: نشر ماهی. - Alvarez-Mon, J. (2009 a). "Ashurbanipal’s Feast: A view from Elam". Iranica Antiqua. Vol. 44. Pp. 131-180. - Alvarez-Mon, J. (2009 b). "Notes on the Elamite Garment of Cyrus the Great". The Antiquities Journal: The Society of Antiquaries of London. 1-13. - ____________ (2010). The Arjān Tomb, at the cross-roads of the Elamite and the Persian Empires. Peeters Leuven. Paris. Walpole, M. in Acta Iranica 49. - ___________ (2010). "Elite Garments and Head-Dresses of the Late Neo-Elamite Period (7th–6th Century BC) " in Archaeologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan. Neue Folge. 42. 207-235. - ____________ (2012). "Elam: Iran’s First Empire" in A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East. Edited by D.T. Potts. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 740 -757. - ______________ (2013 a). "Kul-e Farah" in Encyclopaedia Iranica. - ______________ (2013 b). "Braids of Glory. Elamite Sculptural Reliefs from the Highlands: Kul-e Farah ІV" in Susa and Elam Archaeological, Philological, Historical and Geographical Perspectives. Proceedings of the International Congress Held at Ghent University, December 14-17, 2009. Edited by Katrien De Graef & Jan Tavernier. Leiden. Boston: Pp. 207-248. - Amiet, P. (1973). "La glypitque de la fin de l’ Elam". Arts Asiatiques. 28. Pp. 3- 45. - Arfaee, A. (2008). The Geographical Background of the Persepolis tablets. Ph.d Disseration in the University of Chicago. - Basello, G.P. (2011). "Elamite as Administrative Language: From Susa to Persepolis" in Elam and Persia. Edited by Javier Alvarez-Mon & Mark B. Garrison, Eisenbrauns. 61-88. - Bedford, P.R. (2009). "The Neo-Assyrian Empire" in The Dynamics Ancient Ampires. Edit by Ian Morris and Walter Scheidel.Oxford University Press. - Boucharlat, R. (1990). "Suse at La Susane A L’ époque Achèmènide". Donnèes Archèologiques. in H. Sancisi-Weerden burg, A. Kuhrt (Eds.). Achaemenid History ІV: Center and Periphery. Leiden. 149-175. - Brinkman, J.A. (1984). Prelude to Empire: Babylonian Society and Politics 707-626 BC, Philadelphia: Occasional Publications of Babylonian Fund 7. - Brinkman, J.A. (1986). "The elamite- Babylonian frontier in the Neo-Elamite Period, 750-625 BC" in Liragmenta Historiae Elamicae. Ed. Recherche Sur Les civilisations. Paris. 199- 207. - Carter and Stolper (1983). Elam: Surveyes of Political History and Archaeology. Near Eastern Studies Vol. 25. University of California, Berkeley. - Carter, E. (1994). "Bridging the gap between Elam and the Persians in South-Eastern Khuzistan" in H. Sancisi-Weerden burg, A. Kuhrt and M.C. Root (Eds.). Achaemenid History VΙΙΙ: Continuity and Change. Leiden. 65-95. - Curtis and Reade (1995). Art and Empire Treasures From Assyria. in the British Museum. 72-77. - Dandamaev, M.A. (1972). "Connections between Elam and Babylania in the Achaemenid Period". The Memorial Volume of the 7th international Congress of Iranian Art and Archaeology (Tehran). Vol. 1. 258-264. - Dandamaev, M.A. and Vladimir G. Lukonin (1989). The Cultural and Social Institutions of Ancient Iran. Philip L. Kohl (Ed.). Cambridge. - Fales, F.M. & J.N. Postgate (1992). Imperial Administrative Records. Pt.1: Palace and Temple Administration. Helsinki: State Archives of Assyria 7. - Grayson, A.K. (1975). Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles. Texts from Cuneiform Sources 5. Locust Valley and New York. - Hansman, J. (1972). "Elamites, Achaemenids and Anshan". Iran X. 101-125. - _________ (1985). "Anshan" in Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. ΙΙ. Fasc. Ι. 103- 107. - Henkelman, W.F.M. (2003 a). "Persian, Medes and Elamites: Acculturation in the Neo-Elamite Period" in Continuty of Empire: Assyria, Media, Persia. Ed. G.B. Lanfranchi, M. Roof and R. Rollinger. History of the Ancient Near East Monogragh 5. Padova. 75-123. - ______________ (2003 b). "Defining Neo-Elamite History". Bibliotheca Orientalis 60 (3-4). 251-263. - ________________ (2008). "The Other Gode Who Are, Studies in Elamite-Iranian Acculturation based on the Persepolis Fortification Tablets". Achaemenid History XΙV. - ________________ (2011 a). "Cyrus the Persian and Darius the Elamite: a Case of Mistaken Identity" in Herodotus and the Parsian Empire. Edited by R. Rollinger, B. Truschnegg, R. Bichler. Wiesbaden. 577-634. - ______________ (2011 b). "Farnaka’s Feast: Šip in Parsa and Elam' in Elam and Persia. Edited by Javier Alvarez-Mon & Mark B. Garrison. Eisenbrauns. 89-166. - Imanpour, M.T. (2002-2003). "The Medes and Persians: Were the Persians ever Ruled by the Medes?". Nāme-ye Irān-e Bāstān (The International Journal of Ancient Iranian Studies). 2 (2). 61-81. - King, L. Litt. D. (1915). A History of Babylania, from the foundation of the Monarɪchy to the Persian Conquest. London. - Khosravi, L. (2013). "Introduction to a unique Archer Soldier Statue found at Kalmakareh cave, Lurestan, Iran". Internationl Journal of Archaeology. 1(3). 34-37. - Kuhrt, A. (1995). The Ancient near East c. 3000-330 BC. Vol. 2. by Rout ladge. London and New York. - Livernani, M. (2003). "The rise and fall of Media" in Achaemenid History ΙΙ. Edited by H. Sancisi-Weerden burg & A. Kuhrt, Leiden. - Miroschedji, P. (1982). "Notes sur la glypitque de la fin de l’ Elam". Revue d’ Assriologie et d’ Assriologie Orientale. 76. 51-63. - ______________ (1985). "La fin du royaume d’ Anšan et de suse et la naissance de l’ Empire Perse". Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Verwandte Gebiete, (from 1939) und Vorderasiatische Archäologie 75. 265-306. - _______________ (1990). "La fin de I’ Elam: essai d’ analyse et d’ interpretation". Iranica Antiqua. 25. 47-95. - ________________ (2003). "Susa and the highland: Major trends in the history of civilization". Yeki Bud, YekiNabud: Essays on the Archaeology of Iran in Honor of William M. Sumner. Edited by Naomi Frances Miller, Kamyar Abdi, William M William M Sumner, Amerrican Institute of Iranian. Studies; University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. 17-38. - Nadali, D. (2007). "Ashurbanipal against Elam: Figurative patterns and Architectural location of the Elamite wars". HISTORIAE V.4. 57-91. - Nylander, C. (1999). "Breaking, The Cup of Kingship: A Elamite cup in Nineveh?". Iranica Antiqua 34. 71-83. - Potts, D.T. (2005). "Cyrus the Great and kingdom of Anshan" in The birth of Persian Empire. Vol. 1. Edited by Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis & Sara Stewart. London & New York. 8-27. - __________ (2012). "The Elamites". Oxford Handbook of Iranian History. Edited by Touraj Daryaee. Oxford University Press. 37-56. - Radner, K. (2014). "The Neo-Assyrian Empire" in Imperien und Reiche in der Weltgeschicte. Epochenübergreifende und globalhistorische Vergleiche, Herausgegeben von, Michael Gehler und Robert Rollinger, Unter Mitarbeit von Sabine Fick und Simone Pittl, Harrassowitz Verlag. Wiesbaden: 101-119. - Ragzin, Z. (1905). Assyria from the Rise of the fall of Nineveh. Now York. - Reade, J. (1964). "More Drawings of Ashurbanipal Sculptures". Iraq. Vol. 26. N. 1. 1-13. - _______ (1967). "Elam and Elamites in Assyrian sculpture". Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran 9. 97-105. - _________ (1979). "Ideology and Propaganda in Assyrian art". in Power and Propaganda: A Symposium on ancient empires. 329-343. - __________ (1992). "The Elamite tablets from Nineveh". Novelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires (cahiers de NABU). 119. - __________ (2000). "Elam after the Assyrian sack of Susa in 647 BC". Novelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires (cahiers de NABU). 80. - Rollinger, R. (2008). "The Median Empire, The end of Urartu and Cyrus the Great Campaign in 547 BC". AWE 7. 51-65. - Sancisi-Weerden burg, H. (1988). "Was there ever a Madian Empire?" in Achaemenid History ІΙΙ. Pp. 197-212. - Sancisi-Weerden burg, H. (1994). "The Orality of Herodotus’ Medikos Logos or: The Empire Copenhagen revisited" in H. Sancisi-Weerden burg, A. Kuhrt and M.C. Root (Eds.). Achaemenid History VΙΙΙ: Continuity and Change. Leiden. 39-55. - Schmidt, E.F. (1957). Persepolis ΙΙ, Contents of the Treasury and other Discoveries. OIP 69. Chicago. - Stolper, M.W. (1992). "Stele of Ass-Hamiti-Inshinak" in The Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louver. Edited by Prudence Ovlier Harper & Francoise Tallon, Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York. - ____________ (1988). "Mālamir. B. Phiologisch" in Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiaatischen Archaologie. 7. 276-281. - Tavernier, J. (2004). "Some thoughts on Neo-Elamite chronology'. ARTA. 003. 1-44. - Tavernier, J. (2011). "Iranians in Neo-Elamite Texts" in Elam and Persia. Edited by Javier Alvarez-Mon & Mark B. Garrison. Eisenbrauns. 191-261. - Vallat, F. (1996 a). "Nouvelle analgse des inscriptions nèo-èlamites" in Gasche H & Hrouda B. (Eds.). Collectanea Orientalia. Historie, arts de L’ espace et industrie de La terre. Etudes offertes en homage 6: Agnes Spycket, Civilisation du proche orient 1 Archèologie et environnement 3, Neuchâtel, Paris. 385-395. - __________ (1996 b). "Le royaume Elamite de Samati". Nouvelles Assyriologiues breves et tiliaires. in Novelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires (cahiers de NABU). 31. - __________ (1988). "À propos de I’ origine des tablettes èlamites »de Ninive« conserves au British Museum" in Novelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires (cahiers de NABU). 39. - __________ (1998). "Le Royaume elamite de Zamin et Les “Letters De Ninive". Iranica Antique. Vol. 33. 95-106. - __________ (2008). "Susa ii: History during the Elamite Period" in Encyclopaedia Iranica. originally published. April 7, 2008, Also available at: http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/susa-ii-history-during-the-elamite-period. - Walker, C. B. F. (1980). "Elamite inscriptions in the British Museum" in Iran 18. Pp. 75-81. - Waters, M. (2000). A Survey of Neo-Elamite History (SAAS). Helsinki. - __________ (2008). "Cyrus and Susa". Revue d’ Assoriologieet d’ Assriologie Orientale. Vol. CII. 115-118. - ____________ (2011 a). "Notes on the Medes and Their Empire: From JER 25:25 to HDT 1.134". A Common Cultural Heritage: Studies on Mesopotamian and the Biblical world in Honor of Barry L. Eichler, CDL Press. 243-253. - ___________ (2011 b). "Parsumaš, Anšan, and Cyrus" in Elam and Persia, Edited by Javier Alvarez-Mon & Mark B. Garrison, Eisenbrauns. 285-296. - Wiseman, D.T. (1956). Chronicles of the Chaldaean Kings (625-556 BC) in the British Museum. London: British Museum. - Zadok, R. (1976). "On the connections between Iran and Babylonia in the sixth century B.C." IRAN 14. 60-78. - ___________ (1979). "On Some Foreign Population groups in first- Millennium Babylonia". Tel Aviv 6. 164-181. - ___________ (2011). "The Babylonia- Elam Connections in the Chaldaen and Achaemenid Period (Part one)" in Tel Aviv. Vol. 38. 120-143. - Zawadzki, S. (1988). The Fall of Assyria and Median-Babylonian Relations in Light of the Nabopolassar Chronicle. Poznan: Seria Historia 149. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 1,716 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 1,091 |
||